L. Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius, Liber ad Donatum confessorem de Mortibus persecutorum

<!-- The upper part of the page foot is the close of Dodwell's chronological table (prefatory matter set in the body, ending "DODWELL."), not footnotes; not set here. The Variorum Notae are keyed by lemma, not by call letters. --> (Ad Donatum) ‹anchor: Ad Donatum› · lemma note in col 189 Ad Donatum. Illustrem horum temporum confessorem, qui novies tormenta varia pertulit pro nomine Christi, sex annorum spatio detentus in carcere, unde emissus est extremis Galerii Maximiani temporibus, ut legitur infra cap. 16, et 25. BALUZ.

To Donatus. An illustrious confessor of those times, who nine times endured various torments for the name of Christ, held in prison for a space of six years, from which he was released at the very end of Galerius Maximianus's reign, as is read below, ch. 16 and 25 [as printed]. BALUZE.

(De Mortibus persecutorum) ‹anchor: De Mortibus Persecutorum› · lemma note in col 190 De Mortibus persecutorum. Vide Dissert. nostram (continues)

On the Deaths of the Persecutors. See our Dissertation (continues)

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(continued) in lib. de Mortibus persecut. Ita et mortes dixit Lactantius plurali numero supra, lib. v, cap. 20. Ex mortibus, lib. vii, cap. 10. Ita mortes duae propositae sunt.

(Quas in conspectu ejus..... quaesierunt) ‹anchor: quas in conspectu ejus› · lemma note in col 191 Quas in conspectu ejus..... quaesierunt. In prioribus editionibus legebatur: Ejus per omnes horas tota die fundis, caeterorumque fratrum nostrorum, qui, etc. Sed ex reliquiis litterarum conjicimus legendum esse, ut in textu insinuavimus. — In cod. Colb. Sic mutilus locus habetur: Quas in conspectu ejus cons..... m... S Sim m qui glosa fessione sepit..... pro fidei..... ritis. Sic restituit O. F. Fritzsche in sua jam a nobis citata Lactantianorum operum editione: Quas in conspectu ejus constitutus fundere soles, imo et preces sanctissimorum martyrum in sempiternam sibi coronam pro fidei suae meritis. Similiter Lactantius ultimis suae Divinarum Institutionum! Epitomes verbis ait: ut possit Deo judice PRO VIRTUTIS SUAE MERITIS, vel CORONAM FIDEI, vel praemium immortalitatis adipisci; et lib. vii, cap. 14, non immortalitatem sibi, sed mortem peccatis ac libidinibus QUAESIERUNT. — Quaesierunt. Pro acquisierunt. Ita et lib. i Divin. Instit., cap. 20, lib. vii, cap. 14, et alibi Lact. Vide infra Not. ad cap. 18.

Which in his sight..... sought. The earlier editions read: "of his through all the hours, the whole day long, you pour out, and of the rest of our brethren, who," etc. But from the remains of the letters we conjecture it should be read as we have indicated in the text. — In the Colbert codex the mutilated passage stands thus: "Quas in conspectu ejus cons..... m... S Sim m qui glosa fessione sepit..... pro fidei..... ritis." O. F. Fritzsche, in his edition of Lactantius's works already cited by us, restored it thus: "which, placed in his sight, you are wont to pour out, yes, and the prayers of the most holy martyrs, for an everlasting crown for themselves, for the merits of their faith." Likewise Lactantius, in the last words of his Epitome of the Divine Institutes, says: "that with God as judge he may obtain, FOR THE MERITS OF HIS VIRTUE, either THE CROWN OF FAITH or the reward of immortality"; and book 7, ch. 14: "they SOUGHT for themselves not immortality but death through sins and lusts." — Quaesierunt, "sought", for acquisierunt, "acquired". So too Lactantius in Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 20, book 7, ch. 14, and elsewhere. See below, the Note on ch. 18.

(Addetur) ‹anchor: addetur› · lemma note in col 191 Addetur. Ita in ms. pro additur; atque sic legendum esse in praesenti, praecedens praeteritum Audivit, et sequentia verba exsurgit et fabricatur confirmant. Verum doctissimus Joan. Bapt. Cottelerius Ecclesiae Graecae Monumentorum tom. ii, p. 528, legendum esse monebat adteritur, scita antithesi ex adteritur, et exsurgit; sed minus bene.

Addetur. So in the manuscript for additur; and that it is to be read thus in the present is confirmed by the preceding perfect Audivit and the following words exsurgit and fabricatur. But the most learned Jean-Baptiste Cotelier, Monuments of the Greek Church, vol. 2, p. 528, advised reading adteritur ("is worn down"), a clever antithesis of adteritur and exsurgit; but less well.

(Adversarius) ‹anchor: adversarius› · lemma note in col 191 Adversarius. Id est, diabolus; et ita vocatur a Lactantio lib. de Opificio Dei, cap. 1: Nam ille colluctator et ADVERSARIUS noster scis quam sit astutus... quae illicere possunt, pro laqueis habet. — O. F. Fritzsche, Ecce deletis omnibus adversariis.

Adversarius. That is, the devil; and so he is called by Lactantius in the book On the Workmanship of God, ch. 1: "For you know how cunning is that wrestler and ADVERSARY of ours... whatever can allure, he has for snares." — O. F. Fritzsche: "Behold, all the adversaries having been destroyed."

(Et restituta per orbem) ‹anchor: et restituta per orbem› · lemma note in col 191 Et restituta per orbem. In ms. deest et, sed locus hujus syllabae remanet vacuus: deinde legitur restituto per orbem, etc., sed scriptoris errore, ubi restituto, pro restituta scriptum est.

And restored throughout the world. In the manuscript et is wanting, but the space for this syllable remains empty; then restituto per orbem etc. is read, but by a scribe's error, where restituto is written for restituta.

(Profligata nuper Ecclesia) ‹anchor: profligata nuper Ecclesia› · lemma note in col 191 Profligata nuper Ecclesia. Sic Lactantius dicit Divin. Instit. lib. v, c. 2, PROFLIGARE sapientiam; et c. 4, omnes... uno semel impetu PROFLIGAREM.

The Church lately overthrown. So Lactantius says, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 2, "TO OVERTHROW wisdom"; and ch. 4, "that I might OVERTHROW all... in one single onset."

(Templum Dei, quod ab impiis fuerat eversum, misericordia Domini fabricatur) ‹anchor: templum Dei› · lemma note in col 191 Templum Dei, quod ab impiis fuerat eversum, misericordia Domini fabricatur. Templum Nicomediense, de quo Lactant. agit c. 13 et lib. v Instit. cap 2: Ego cum in Bithynia oratorias litteras accitus docerem, contigissetque ut eodem tempore DEI TEMPLUM EVERTERETUR. Viden eamdem locutionem? Attamen Cuperus et Baluzius in secunda editio. per templum intelligunt Coetum Christianorum; verum non potest dici de fidelium Societate restauranda quod fabricatur. Verbum istud non intelligitur nisi de opere materiali, non de congregatione fidelium et unione Christo sub primario pastore instaurata.

The temple of God, which had been overturned by the impious, is being built by the mercy of the Lord. The temple of Nicomedia, which Lactantius treats in ch. 13 and in Inst. book 5, ch. 2: "When I, summoned to Bithynia, was teaching rhetoric, and it happened that at the same time THE TEMPLE OF GOD WAS OVERTURNED." Do you see the same expression? Yet Cuper and Baluze in the second edition understand by "temple" the assembly of Christians; but "is being built" cannot be said of a society of the faithful to be restored. That word is understood only of a material work, not of a congregation of the faithful and a union restored to Christ under a chief pastor.

(Principes) ‹anchor: principes› · lemma note in col 191 Principes. Constantinum et Licinium. Horum diploma vide infra n. 48.

Princes. Constantine and Licinius. For their edict see below, no. 48.

(Qui Tyrannorum nefaria et cruenta imperia resciderunt) ‹anchor: qui tyrannorum nefaria› · lemma note in cols 191–192 Qui Tyrannorum nefaria et cruenta imperia resciderunt. Lactantius, lib. v Divin. Instit. cap. 11, Rescripta PRINCIPUM NEFARIA; lib. vii, cap. 26: Qui posses vera pietate aliorum male consulta RESCINDERE.

Who rescinded the wicked and bloody commands of the tyrants. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 11, "the WICKED rescripts OF PRINCES"; book 7, ch. 26: "you who could by true piety RESCIND the ill counsels of others."

(Transacti) ‹anchor: transacti› · lemma note in col 192 Transacti. ms. Colb., trisansaru; Bun., tristi nefarii. O. F. Fritzsche nobiscum, transacti. Mox ms. habet postatae. Bun. legit post atrae: nos, post tantae, cum O. F. Fritzsche, maluimus.

Past. The Colbert manuscript has trisansaru; Bünemann, tristi nefarii. O. F. Fritzsche, with us, transacti. Next the manuscript has postatae. Bünemann reads post atrae; we have preferred post tantae, with O. F. Fritzsche.

(Precibus) ‹anchor: precibus› · lemma note in col 192 Precibus. Verbum istud addidimus, ut sensum clariorem eliciamus.

By prayers. We have added this word to bring out a clearer sense.

(Et afflictos) ‹anchor: et afflictos› · lemma note in col 192 Et afflictos. At in ms., ut afflictos.

And the afflicted. But in the manuscript, ut afflictos.

(Sublevat. En nunc) ‹anchor: sublevat. En nunc› · lemma note in col 192 Sublevat. En nunc. Aliae editiones legunt Sublevavit. Nunc. Sed propius et scrupulosius inspecto Manuscripto codice, legi sublevat. En nunc, quod sonat elegantius.

Raises up. Behold now. Other editions read Sublevavit. Nunc. But having examined the manuscript codex more closely and scrupulously, I read sublevat. En nunc, which sounds more elegant.

(Deterget; et qui) ‹anchor: deterget; et qui› · lemma note in col 192 Deterget; et qui. Priores editi habent detersit; sed admoto lumine, legimus deterget, et lui, etc., quod ultimum verbum recte ab editoribus interpretatur Qui.

Wipes away; and who. The earlier printed editions have detersit; but with a light brought near we read deterget, et lui, etc., the last word of which is rightly interpreted by the editors as Qui.

(Illuctati) ‹anchor: illuctati› · lemma note in col 192 Illuctati. In ms. legitur illustrati: at unius litterae mutatione lego illuctati, quasi dicas adversati; quod ultimum verbum erat in prioribus editis qui illuctati erunt Deo, jacent. Ita igitur a me restitutum: sic apud Statium reperitur participium illuctans. Jam vero quod ad hujusce verbi regimen attinet, infra, cap. 18, legitur quoque luctari cum tertio casu, etiamque reluctari cap. 11, et obluctari Virgil. iii Aeneid. Et Lactantius his vocibus luctari, reluctari, luctatio, eluctatio, eluctari saepe utitur, lib. ii cap. 20, lib. iii cap. 11 bis, lib. iv cap. 25 et 30, lib. v cap. 21, lib. vi cap. 18, 23, 24. Porro verbum jacent, praecedenti verbo illuctati erant optime respondet. Auctor noster, eodem sensu, lib. vii Divin. Instit. cap. 26, dixit: Qui coelestis ac singularis Dei cultum tollere voluerunt, profligati JACENT.

Having struggled against. In the manuscript illustrati is read; but by changing one letter I read illuctati, as if you said "having opposed"; that last word stood in the earlier editions: "who had opposed God, lie low". So it has been restored by me: thus in Statius the participle illuctans is found. Now as regards this verb's construction, below, ch. 18, luctari is also read with the dative, and reluctari in ch. 11, and obluctari in Virgil, Aeneid 3. And Lactantius often uses these words, luctari, reluctari, luctatio, eluctatio, eluctari: book 2 ch. 20, book 3 ch. 11 twice, book 4 ch. 25 and 30, book 5 ch. 21, book 6 ch. 18, 23, 24. Moreover the verb jacent answers excellently to the preceding verb illuctati erant. Our author, in the same sense, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 26, said: "Those who sought to abolish the worship of the heavenly and only God LIE overthrown."

(Justos) ‹anchor: justos› · lemma note in col 192 Justos. Id est, Christianos. Sic eos vocat Lact. lib. i cap. 1, lib. v cap. 11.

The just. That is, the Christians. So Lactantius calls them, book 1 ch. 1, book 5 ch. 11.

(Excarnificaverunt) ‹anchor: excarnificaverunt› · lemma note in col 192 Excarnificaverunt. Sic in ms. aliae editiones excarnificaverunt. At nil mutandum esse putavimus.

Tortured to death. So in the manuscript; other editions excarnificaverunt. But we thought nothing should be changed.

(Serius quidem ... Destulerat) ‹anchor: serius quidem› · lemma note in col 192 Serius quidem. In ms. corrupte legitur Seruit..... Destulerat. In prima editione et in aliis deinceps, profuderunt..... Distulerat. Caetera autem verba omissa erant; quae Nourisius recte primus ex ms. restituit. O. F. Fritzsche ponit: Sero id quidem.

Later indeed. In the manuscript is read, corruptly, Seruit..... Destulerat. In the first edition and in others thereafter, profuderunt..... Distulerat. The rest of the words had been omitted; Nourry was the first rightly to restore them from the manuscript. O. F. Fritzsche gives: Sero id quidem ("late indeed").

(Quibus posteri discerent) ‹anchor: quibus posteri discerent› · lemma note in col 192 Quibus posteri discerent. Sic habet ms. codex: itaque post quibus, expunxi et, quod est in omnibus editis.

By which posterity might learn. So the manuscript codex has it; and so after quibus I struck out et, which is in all the printed editions.

(Et eumdem vindicem, digna videlicet supplicia, etc.) ‹anchor: et eumdem vindicem› · lemma note in col 192 Et eumdem vindicem, digna videlicet supplicia, etc. Ita restituendum judicavimus; in ms. enim legitur, et eumdem vicucem digna vid... supplitia, etc. Verum primaria editio habebat, et eumdem mortem digna ultione superbis et impiis: sed haec non concordant cum scriptura manuscripti. Maxime ergo depravatus est aliarum editionum textus, quem hic ad ms. fidem accommodamus. Loco Vicucem supplevimus Vindicem, ex eo quod lib. v Divin. Instit. cap. 21 initio legitur, Deus ipse VINDEX erit.

And the same avenger, worthy punishments, namely, etc. We judged it should be restored thus; for in the manuscript is read et eumdem vicucem digna vid... supplitia, etc. But the first edition had "and the same death with fitting vengeance on the proud and impious"; but this does not agree with the manuscript's writing. The text of the other editions is therefore badly corrupted, and we here conform it to the manuscript. In place of Vicucem we have supplied Vindicem, because at the beginning of Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 21, is read, "God himself will be the AVENGER."

(De quorum exitu scripto testificari placuit) ‹anchor: de quorum exitu› · lemma note in col 192 De quorum exitu scripto testificari placuit. In ms. legitur, de quo exitu..... tificari placuit. Sed cum phrasis sit imperfecta, eam sic restituimus; quorum, loco vocis quo, atque post exitu, addidimus scripto tes., quia Libellus iste tum exules vel remotos, tum poste- (continues)

Of whose end it has pleased me to bear witness in writing. In the manuscript is read de quo exitu..... tificari placuit. But since the phrase is incomplete, we have restored it thus: quorum in place of the word quo, and after exitu we added scripto tes-, because this little book [was meant] both for exiles or those far away, and for poste- (continues)

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma. The left foot image is cropped at its left edge: the first one or two letters of many lines in col 193 are cut off in the render and are supplied here from the evident word. --> (De quorum exitu scripto testificari placuit) ‹anchor: de quorum exitu› · lemma note, continued, col 193

(continued) ros docere debebat. Nourisius restituerat de quo exitu palam testificari, etc. Sed palam, minus apte positum est: vox scripto eo loci aptior est. Exitus vero idem est ac Mors. Sic infra, cap. 50, circa medium, exitu ejus audito, protinus fugit.

(Procul amoti fuerunt) ‹anchor: procul amoti fuerunt› · lemma note in col 193 Procul amoti fuerunt. In ms. legitur tantum procul moti fuerunt, id est, in exilium pulsi, vel relegati, unde supplendam esse judicavi litteram a, ita ut legatur amoti; hinc exurgit sensus clarior. Sic apud Tacitum amoveri in insulam, pro in exilium pelli.

Had been removed far away. In the manuscript only procul moti fuerunt is read, that is, driven into exile or banished; hence I judged the letter a must be supplied, so that amoti is read; from this a clearer sense arises. So in Tacitus "to be removed to an island" for "to be driven into exile".

(Postea futuri sunt) ‹anchor: postea futuri sunt› · lemma note in col 193 Postea futuri sunt. In ms. haec solum leguntur p... turi sunt; supplevimus juxta spatium quod exhibet ms.: alii legunt post nos futuri sunt; alii vero post nos victuri sunt: Sed elegimus verba simplicia, quae sensum optimum juxta spatium ms. repraesentarent.

Who are to come afterwards. In the manuscript only p... turi sunt is read; we have supplied according to the space the manuscript shows. Some read "who will be after us"; others "who will live after us". But we chose simple words that would give the best sense according to the space in the manuscript.

(Virtutem ac majestatem suam) ‹anchor: virtutem ac majestatem suam› · lemma note in col 193 Virtutem ac majestatem suam. Et infra, cap 5: Adversus majestatem singularis Dei. Lactantius Divin. Instit. lib. i cap. 1: Majestatem Dei singularis ac veri cognovistis, etc.; lib. iii cap. 4, lib. ii cap. 1: Singularis Dei asserere majestatem; bis, lib. iv cap. 26: Virtutem majestatemque Dei singularis interpretari; lib. vi cap. 9: Virtutem ac majestatem Dei singularis enarrat; lib. v cap 15 et 22, lib. vii frequenter, lib. iv, adhuc cap. 29, lib. vi cap. 17, lib. de Ira Dei, cap. 20, et abjectis terrenis cultibus, majestatem Dei singularis agnoscunt. Epitom. cap. 3 et 4. Et alibi passim.

His power and majesty. And below, ch. 5: "against the majesty of the one God". Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 1: "you have come to know the majesty of the one and true God", etc.; book 3, ch. 4; book 2, ch. 1: "to assert the majesty of the one God"; twice, book 4, ch. 26: "to interpret the power and majesty of the one God"; book 6, ch. 9: "he declares the power and majesty of the one God"; book 5, ch. 15 and 22; book 7 frequently; book 4, again ch. 29; book 6, ch. 17; On the Wrath of God, ch. 20: "and, casting off earthly worships, they acknowledge the majesty of the one God." Epitome ch. 3 and 4. And elsewhere throughout.

(In exscindendis delendisque, etc.) ‹anchor: in exscindendis delendisque› · lemma note in col 193 In exscindendis delendisque, etc. In ms. legitur, in ..... dis delendisque: post litteram e apparet pars media litterae x; itaque supplevimus exscindendis, quam vocem usurpat infra auctor noster cap. 2, circa medium hoc modo: Prosilivit (Nero) ad exscindendum coeleste templum delendamque justitiam; vel supple extinguendis: sic initio cap. 46, has voces ita jungit, ut Christianorum nomen extingueret funditusque deleret.

In cutting off and destroying, etc. In the manuscript is read in ..... dis delendisque; after the letter e the middle part of the letter x appears; we have therefore supplied exscindendis, a word our author uses below in ch. 2, about the middle, thus: "He (Nero) sprang forth to cut down the heavenly temple and destroy justice"; or supply extinguendis: so at the beginning of ch. 46 he joins these words thus: "that he might extinguish the Christian name and destroy it utterly."

(Deus summus) ‹anchor: Deus summus› · lemma note in col 193 Deus summus. Et cap. 47. Hasce dictiones inter Lactantii scripta centies deprehendes, lib. i Divin. Institut., cap. 1: Te Deus summus ad beatum Imperii culmen evexit. Ibid. cap. 5, cap. 6, lib. ii, cap. 1; lib. iii, cap. 11; lib. iv, cap. 4, bis cap. 6, cap. 10, cap. 13, cap. 16; lib. vii, cap. 27; Epitom., cap. 12, cap. 28, 43, 49; bis, lib. de Ira Dei, cap. 2. Et alibi passim. Quin haec etiam epitheta singularis et summus, inter alia (ait Baudri) Lactantium istius quoque libelli parentem esse suadeant, dubitari non potest.

God most high. And ch. 47. You will find these expressions a hundred times in Lactantius's writings: Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 1: "God most high has raised you to the blessed summit of Empire." Ibid. ch. 5, ch. 6; book 2, ch. 1; book 3, ch. 11; book 4, ch. 4, twice ch. 6, ch. 10, ch. 13, ch. 16; book 7, ch. 27; Epitome ch. 12, ch. 28, 43, 49; twice, On the Wrath of God, ch. 2. And elsewhere throughout. Indeed it cannot be doubted that these epithets too, "one" and "most high", among other things (says Baudri), argue that Lactantius is the father of this little book as well.

(Ostenderet) ‹anchor: ostenderet› · lemma note in col 193 Ostenderet. Forte legendum ostenderit: vide praecedentia.

Might show. Perhaps ostenderit should be read: see the preceding.

(Hinc itaque utile est, si) ‹anchor: hinc itaque utile est› · lemma note in col 193 Hinc itaque utile est, si. In ms. legitur tantum Vinc a.... est, si, unde sensum formavimus in hunc modum, hinc itaque utile est, si, etc., idque juxta spatium ms.

Hence therefore it is useful, if. In the manuscript only Vinc a.... est, si is read, from which we have formed the sense in this way, "hence therefore it is useful, if", etc., and that according to the space in the manuscript.

(Qui fuerint persecutores) ‹anchor: qui fuerint persecutores› · lemma note in cols 193–194 Qui fuerint persecutores. In ms. est qui fuerint.... cutores.... deficientibus 4 litteris ante ecutores. Hunc itaque locum sic restituendum esse existimo, qui fuerint persecutores. Parisiensis editio an. 1710 habet fuerunt, quod contrarium est ms. codici, et stare non potest cum vindicaverit quod sequitur. Haec editio legit fuerunt auctores, sed male. Namque in ms. clare scriptum est fuerint: deinde male auctores scribit, cum appareat pars inferior litterae p, et superior litterae s. Itaque legendum est persecutores. Vide specimen supra positum.

Who the persecutors were. In the manuscript there is qui fuerint.... cutores...., four letters wanting before ecutores. I think therefore this passage should be restored thus: qui fuerint persecutores. The Paris edition of 1710 has fuerunt, which is contrary to the manuscript codex and cannot stand with vindicaverit, which follows. That edition reads fuerunt auctores, but wrongly. For in the manuscript fuerint is clearly written; then it wrongly writes auctores, since the lower part of the letter p and the upper part of the letter s appear. Persecutores should therefore be read. See the specimen given above.

(In eos... vindicaverit) ‹anchor: in eos... vindicaverit› · lemma note in col 194 In eos... vindicaverit. Lactantius noster, lib. ii Divin. Institut., cap. 4: In sacrilegos vindicaverunt; et lib. iv, cap. 17. Ego vindicabo in eum.

Took vengeance on them. Our Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 2, ch. 4: "they took vengeance on the sacrilegious"; and book 4, ch. 17: "I will take vengeance on him."

(Jesus Christus.... cruciatus est) ‹anchor: Jesus Christus.... cruciatus est› · lemma note in col 194 Jesus Christus.... cruciatus est: Id est cruci affixus. Eodem sensu utitur eadem voce Lactantius Div. Institut. lib. i, cap. 16. Ab hominibus insigni supplicio affectum et excruciatum; lib. iv, cap. 18, et Epitom. Div. Instit. cap. 18. Et cruciaverunt illum in humilitate magna; lib. iv, cap. 22, ut mortalis occisus... Deum ab hominibus esse cruciatum; et Epitom. cap. 18: Cum igitur ad dexteram Dei sedeat, calcaturus inimicos suos qui eum cruciaverunt. Sic lib. iv, cap. 16, cruciando, eodem sensu.

Jesus Christ.... was crucified: that is, fastened to a cross. Lactantius uses the same word in the same sense, Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 16: "afflicted by men with a notable punishment and crucified"; book 4, ch. 18, and Epitome of the Div. Inst. ch. 18: "and they crucified him in great humiliation"; book 4, ch. 22: "that, slain as a mortal... God was crucified by men"; and Epitome ch. 18: "since therefore he sits at the right hand of God, to tread down his enemies who crucified him." So book 4, ch. 16, cruciando, in the same sense.

(Post diem decimum Kalendarum Aprilium) ‹anchor: post diem decimum Kalendarum Aprilium› · lemma note in col 194 Post diem decimum Kalendarum Aprilium. Ms. habet Aprilium, non Aprilis. Lactantius, lib. iv Div. Institut., cap. 10: Duobus Geminis consulibus ante diem decimum Kalendarum Aprilium Judaei Christum cruci affixerunt; quod idem est. Vide supra Not. lib. iv ad finem capitis 10. Est elliptica locutio, quam supplere possis, post exortum diem decimum Kalendarum Aprilium, sive post eum diem incoeptum. Ita verba Christi, Post tres dies resurgam, Marc. VIII, 31, a plerisque doctioribus exponuntur die tertio, vel postquam venerit dies tertius. Partim ex JOANNE COLUMBO. Sed post diem decimum Kalendarum Aprilium, et ante diem decimum Kalend. Aprilium idem esse ac die decimo Kalendarum, postea in nostra ad hunc librum Dissertatione abunde demonstrabimus, ex ipso Lactantio aliisque. Eam consulere non te pigeat.

After the tenth day before the Kalends of April. The manuscript has Aprilium, not Aprilis. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 10: "In the consulship of the two Gemini, on the tenth day before the Kalends of April, the Jews fastened Christ to the cross"; which is the same. See above, the Note on book 4 at the end of ch. 10. It is an elliptical expression, which you may fill out "after the tenth day before the Kalends of April had dawned", or "after that day had begun". So the words of Christ, "After three days I will rise again", Mark 8:31, are explained by most of the more learned as "on the third day", or "after the third day has come". Partly from JEAN COLOMB.

(Duobus Geminis Consulibus) ‹anchor: duobus Geminis consulibus› · lemma note in col 194 Duobus Geminis Consulibus. Hoc assignat Institutionum libro iv, cap. 10, anno Tiberii quintodecimo. Id quidem convenienter consulatui duorum Geminorum. At observa, Lector, quam immaniter inde hallucinetur. Tiberius annum imperii quintum decimum iniit anno 28 aerae vulgaris. Hoc ipso Tiberii anno Joannes Baptista, uti apud Lucam cap. iii, 1, 2, 3, legimus, poenitentiam praedicare coepit. Erat is juxta nostrum Lactantium Tiberii annus quintus decimus... Baptizatus itaque Christus die sexto Januarii, consulibus duobus Geminis anno aerae vulg. 29, et passus die vigesimo tertio mensis martii insequentis, nonnisi per duos menses ac dimidium ea omnia peregit, quae ab ipsius baptismo ad mortem usque referuntur. Quod quidem portentosum est dictu, quamvis ab aliis multis Veterum inconsulte pronuntiatum fuerit, ac Fastis Idatianis infartum. Quid enim tandem fiet de quatuor Paschatibus, quibus Servatoris ministerium apud Evangelistas distinguitur? etc. Haec Doctiss. Nic. Toinardus Aurelianensis.

In the consulship of the two Gemini. He assigns this, in book 4 of the Institutes, ch. 10, to the fifteenth year of Tiberius. That indeed fits the consulship of the two Gemini. But observe, reader, how monstrously he blunders from it. Tiberius entered the fifteenth year of his reign in the year 28 of the common era. In this very year of Tiberius John the Baptist, as we read in Luke 3:1–3, began to preach repentance. According to our Lactantius this was Tiberius's fifteenth year... Christ, then, baptized on the sixth day of January, in the consulship of the two Gemini, in the year 29 of the common era, and having suffered on the twenty-third day of the following March, accomplished in no more than two and a half months all that is related from his baptism to his death. Which is indeed monstrous to say, although it has been rashly pronounced by many others of the ancients, and stuffed into the Fasti of Idatius. For what, in the end, will become of the four Passovers by which the Saviour's ministry is marked out in the Evangelists? etc. So the most learned Nicolas Toinard of Orléans.

(Comprehensionis) ‹anchor: comprehensionis› · lemma note in col 194 Comprehensionis. Eadem significatione bis offendes comprehensi et comprehendat, Divin. Institut. lib. vii, cap. 17 et infra, cap. 15.

Of the arrest. In the same meaning you will twice meet comprehensi and comprehendat, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 17, and below, ch. 15.

(Ordinavitque eos, et instruxit ad praedicationem dogmatis ac doctrinae suae) ‹anchor: ordinavitque eos› · lemma note in col 194 Ordinavitque eos, et instruxit ad praedicationem dogmatis ac doctrinae suae. Lactantius, lib. iv Divin. Institut.. cap. 21, et Epitom. cap. 47: Ordinata vero discipulis Evangelii ac nominis sui praedicatione; vel juxta mss. codices Jun. et Goth., Ordinata discipulis suis evangelica doctrina; et mox, praedicaverunt.

And he ordained them and equipped them for the preaching of his teaching and doctrine. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 21, and Epitome ch. 47: "the preaching of the Gospel and of his name having been ordained for the disciples"; or, according to the Junius and Gotha manuscripts, "the gospel teaching having been ordained for his disciples"; and soon after, "they preached".

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma. The foot renders begin just below the notes' first line(s): col 195 opens with a cut-off line ending "...teres." and col 196 with a cut-off line ending "...in fundamentis. Ecclesiae ..."; the right edge of col 196 is cropped in the render, and the line-final letters lost there are marked [cut] or supplied from the evident word. --> (note above the render) · col 195 [top of note cut off in the render] ...teres.

[top of note cut off in the render] ...

(Rapuit in coelum) ‹anchor: rapuit in coelum› · lemma note in col 195 Rapuit in coelum. Lactantius Div. Institut. lib. vii, cap. 17: Rapietur in coelum.

Caught him up into heaven. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 17: "He will be caught up into heaven."

(Assumptis in locum Judae proditoris Matthia et Paulo) ‹anchor: assumptis in locum Judae› · lemma note in col 195 Assumptis in locum Judae proditoris Matthia et Paulo. Ne ex his verbis inferas, Paulum una cum Matthia fuisse Judae ab apostolis suffectum. Tantum (incuriosius paulo scribens) Lactantius innuere voluit, loco Judae alios duos Apostolatus munere fuisse functos, Matthiam scilicet sorte lectum (Act. I, 26), et Paulum ab ipso Christo assumptum. TOINARDUS.

Matthias and Paul having been taken up into the place of Judas the traitor. Do not infer from these words that Paul, together with Matthias, was substituted for Judas by the apostles. Lactantius (writing a little carelessly) meant only to indicate that in Judas's place two others discharged the office of the apostolate: Matthias, chosen by lot (Acts 1:26), and Paul, taken up by Christ himself. TOINARD.

(Ad Evangelium praedicandum) ‹anchor: ad Evangelium praedicandum› · lemma note in col 195 Ad Evangelium praedicandum. Lactant. lib. iv, cap. 21: Petrus et Paulus Romae praedicaverunt.

To preach the Gospel. Lactantius, book 4, ch. 21: "Peter and Paul preached at Rome."

(Magister Dominus) ‹anchor: magister Dominus› · lemma note in col 195 Magister Dominus. Lactantius, lib. iv, cap. 21: In nomine Magistri Dei, et cap. 26 necnon lib. vi, cap. 8. Et alibi passim.

The Lord their Master. Lactantius, book 4, ch. 21: "in the name of God their Master", and ch. 26, and also book 6, ch. 8. And elsewhere throughout.

(Et per annos quinque et viginti, etc.) ‹anchor: et per annos quinque et viginti› · lemma note in col 195 Et per annos quinque et viginti, etc. A consulatu duorum Geminorum, sive ab anno aerae vulg. chr. xxix, quo ex Lactantii hypothesi Apostoli post Pentecosten praedicaverunt ubique Evangelium, anni quidem sunt 25 completi usque ad xiii diem Octobris anni chr. liv, quo Nero successit Claudio: at ab anno aerae chr. xxxiii, quo revera passus est Christus, ad lviii, sunt anni 25. Fortassis ex his viginti quinque annis, qui ad praedicationem omnium Apostolorum ex aequo pertinent, orta est opinio de 25 annis, quos quidam veteres, et innumerabile recentiorum agmen S. Petro Apostolo tribuunt in sede Romana... Si autem fas esset recedere a vulgari et in animis hominum insita opinione, ei Lactantianam lubenter praeferrem, id est, Petrum quidem Romae praedicasse Evangelium facile concederem, non sub Tiberio Claudio, ut vulgo putant, sed sub Nerone Claudio. Quippe stabilita semel hac verissima (ut puto) sententia, conquiescit statim omnis disputatio absque ullo incommodo auctoritatis Romani pontificis. Neque enim longa annorum series quibus Petrus fuerit episcopus Romae, primatum illius Ecclesiae stabilivit, sed persona Petri, qui cathedram suam ibi collocavit, et eam suo sanguine solidavit ac confirmavit. Ex BALUZIO.

And for twenty-five years, etc. From the consulship of the two Gemini, that is, from the year 29 of the common Christian era, in which on Lactantius's hypothesis the Apostles preached the Gospel everywhere after Pentecost, there are indeed 25 full years up to the 13th of October in the year of Christ 54, when Nero succeeded Claudius; but from the year 33 of the Christian era, in which Christ actually suffered, to 58, there are 25 years.

(Ecclesiae fundamenta miserunt) ‹anchor: Ecclesiae fundamenta miserunt› · lemma note in cols 195–196 Ecclesiae fundamenta miserunt. Id est, posuerunt; mittere, pro ponere. Ita usurpant passim Agrimensores, limitem mittere, mettre une borne; mittere murum aut vallum, apud Lampridium in Vita Sept. Severi. Sed et apud Ciceronem i in Verrem mittere in possessionem, mettre en possession; apud Senecam legitur mittere in Acta, Gallice mettre dans les Registres; apud Livium, mittere urbes in servitutem, mettre les villes en servitude; apud Statium, corpus mittere sepulcro, mettre un corps dans le tombeau. Apud Sidonium Apollinarem, lib. ii, epist. 11, jam semel missa fundamenta certantis amicitiae. Apud veterem Vulgatae nostrae Interpretem vinum novum in utres novos mittunt, etc. Matth. cap. ix, 17, cap. xv, 26. — Ecclesiae fundamenta miserunt. Quis, inquit Nurrius, bonae latinitatis auctor unquam dixit, mittere fundamenta? is certe non est Lactantius, qui melius scripsit, fundamenta Ecclesiae ubique jecerunt. Phrasin vero fundamenta mittere, Columbus recte confirmavit. Hieron. in Vita Hilar.: non prius abire passi sunt, quam futurae [line at the head of col 196 cut off in the render] ... ponit: Paulus fundamentum posuit Christum. Etiam interpr. Iraenei lib. iii, cap. 28: Ego mitto in fundamenta Sion lapidem pretiosum. Ita quoque Cyprianus Erasmi lib. ii adv. Judaeos, cap. 16, pro quo Pamelius: immitto in fundamenta. Etiam Curtius lib. [cut] sect. 4: triginta pedes in terram turrium fundamenta demissa sunt. BUN.

They laid the foundations of the Church. That is, they placed; mittere for ponere. So the land-surveyors use it everywhere: limitem mittere, "to set a boundary-stone"; mittere murum aut vallum, "to set a wall or rampart", in Lampridius, Life of Septimius Severus. And in Cicero, Against Verres 1, mittere in possessionem, "to put in possession"; in Seneca is read mittere in Acta, in French "to enter in the Registers"; in Livy, mittere urbes in servitutem, "to put cities into servitude"; in Statius, corpus mittere sepulcro, "to put a body in the tomb". In Sidonius Apollinaris, book 2, letter 11: "the foundations of a striving friendship once laid". In the old translator of our Vulgate: "they put new wine into new wineskins", etc., Matt. 9:17, ch. 15:26. — "They laid the foundations of the Church." What author of good Latinity, says Le Nourry, ever said mittere fundamenta? Certainly not Lactantius, who wrote better, "they laid (jecerunt) the foundations of the Church everywhere." But Colomb rightly confirmed the phrase fundamenta mittere. Jerome, in the Life of Hilarion: "they did not allow him to leave before [the foundations] of the future [line at the head of col 196 cut off in the render] ... puts: Paul laid Christ as foundation. Also the translator of Irenaeus, book 3, ch. 28: "I lay in the foundations of Zion a precious stone." So too Erasmus's Cyprian, Against the Jews book 2, ch. 16, for which Pamelius has immitto in fundamenta. Also Curtius, book [cut], section 4: "the foundations of the towers were sunk thirty feet into the ground." BÜNEMANN.

(Cumque jam Nero imperaret, Petrus Romam advenit) ‹anchor: cumque jam Nero imperaret› · lemma note in col 196 Cumque jam Nero imperaret, Petrus Romam adve[nit]. Multi duplicem Petri adventum ad urbem Romam sub Claudio et Nerone asserunt, alii tantummodo unum sub Nerone agnoscunt; nonnulli vero heterodoxi Apostolicae et Romanae Ecclesiae inimici utrumque negant, quos solide admodum confutarunt ejusdem religionis Joan. Pearsonius in Operib. posthum. et Samuel Basnagius Exercitat. Histor. ad an. 41, n. 2[cut]. TOINARD.

And when Nero was already reigning, Peter came to Rome. Many assert a double coming of Peter to the city of Rome, under Claudius and under Nero; others acknowledge only one, under Nero; but some heterodox enemies of the Apostolic and Roman Church deny both, whom John Pearson in his Posthumous Works and Samuel Basnage in his Historical Exercitations, at the year 41, no. 2[cut], both of the same religion, have very solidly refuted. TOINARD.

(Convertit multos ad justitiam) ‹anchor: convertit multos ad justitiam› · lemma note in col 196 Convertit multos ad justitiam. Sic infra dicit ad delendam Justitiam, id est, religionem cultumque veri Dei. Lactantius eodem sensu dixit, lib. v, cap 7: Reddita quidem terrae, sed paucis assignata Justitia est, quae nihil aliud est, quam Dei unici pia et religiosa cultura; et lib. v, cap. 12: invalescente Justitia; lib. v[cut] cap. 16 et 26, in Epilogo ad Constantinum, Te Deus summus ad restituendum Justitiae domicilium excita[vit]. Et lib. i cap. 1: Per quem... Justitia et sapientia restituta est.

He converted many to justice. So below he says "to destroy Justice", that is, the religion and worship of the true God. Lactantius said it in the same sense, book 5, ch. 7: "Justice was indeed restored to the earth, but assigned to few; and it is nothing else than the pious and religious worship of the one God"; and book 5, ch. 12: "as Justice grew strong"; book v[cut], ch. 16 and 26, in the Epilogue to Constantine: "God most high has raised you up to restore the dwelling of Justice." And book 1, ch. 1: "through whom... justice and wisdom have been restored."

(Deoque templum fidele ac stabile collocavit) ‹anchor: Deoque templum fidele› · lemma note in col 196 Deoque templum fidele ac stabile collocavit. Infra de Nerone, Prosilivit ad excidendum coeleste templum, delendamque justitiam; et cap. 15: Nam Constantius ... verum Dei templum quod est in hominibus, incolume servavit. Lactantius lib. iv Div. Institut. cap. 14: Verum templum Dei, quod non in parietibus est, sed in corde ac fide hominum, qui credunt in eum, ac vocantur fideles; et cap. seq.: Aeternum et immortale Dei templum; et cap. 24: Habeatque radicem et fundamentum, stabilisque apud homines et fixa permaneat. Et lib. iv, cap. 10, ut constitueret Deo templum, doceretque justitiam.

And he set up for God a faithful and steadfast temple. Below, of Nero: "he sprang forth to cut down the heavenly temple and to destroy justice"; and ch. 15: "For Constantius ... kept unharmed the true temple of God, which is in men." Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 14: "the true temple of God, which is not in walls but in the heart and faith of men, who believe in him and are called faithful"; and the next chapter: "the eternal and immortal temple of God"; and ch. 24: "and let it have root and foundation, and remain steadfast and fixed among men." And book 4, ch. 10: "that he might establish a temple for God and teach justice."

(Templum fidele) ‹anchor: templum fidele› · lemma note in col 196 Templum fidele. Hic et infra per templum coeleste intelligitur religio christiana, vel coetus christianorum; quod ex adjunctis vocibus fidele et coeleste recte interpretatur.

Faithful temple. Here and below, by "temple", "heavenly temple", the Christian religion is meant, or the assembly of Christians; which is rightly interpreted from the attached words "faithful" and "heavenly".

(Execrabilis ac nocens tyrannus) ‹anchor: execrabilis ac nocens tyrannus› · lemma note in col 196 Execrabilis ac nocens tyrannus. Sic infra, cap. 4: Execrabile animal Decius. Nocens est, nefarius et impius. Vox execrabilis saepe apud Lactantium. Vide lib. i, cap. 21; lib. iii, cap. 18; lib. vi, cap. 17 et cap. 23; lib. vii, cap. 16, etc. Epitom. cap. 63.

An execrable and harmful tyrant. So below, ch. 4: "Decius, that execrable animal". Nocens means wicked and impious. The word execrabilis is frequent in Lactantius. See book 1, ch. 21; book 3, ch. 18; book 6, ch. 17 and ch. 23; book 7, ch. 16, etc.; Epitome ch. 63.

(Ad excidendum coeleste templum) ‹anchor: ad excidendum coeleste templum› · lemma note in col 196 Ad excidendum coeleste templum. Ita Lactantius noster, lib. iii Div. Institut. cap. 26, dixit excidere vitia; lib. vi, cap. 15: vitia penitus excidunt; lib. v, cap. 5, veritatem penitus excidere; et lib. de Ira Dei cap. 17, voluerunt eam penitus excidere.

To cut down the heavenly temple. So our Lactantius said, Div. Inst. book 3, ch. 26, "to cut out vices"; book 6, ch. 15: "they cut out vices utterly"; book 5, ch. 5: "to cut out the truth utterly"; and On the Wrath of God, ch. 17: "they wished to cut it out utterly."

(Delendamque justitiam) ‹anchor: delendamque justitiam› · lemma note in col 196 Delendamque justitiam. Id est, religionem christianam, cultumque veri Dei.

And to destroy justice. That is, the Christian religion and the worship of the true God.

(Primus omnium persecutus Dei servos) ‹anchor: primus omnium persecutus› · lemma note in col 196 Primus omnium persecutus Dei servos. Sic Tertullianus, Apolog. cap. 5; S. August. l. ii contra litteras Petiliani c. 92; Sulpic. Severus, lib. ii de Nerone loquens: Dignus extitit qui persecutionem in christianos primus inciperet. A Lactantio post omnium, erat cum (continues)

First of all he persecuted the servants of God. So Tertullian, Apology ch. 5; St Augustine, Against the Letters of Petilian book 2, ch. 92; Sulpicius Severus, book 2, speaking of Nero: "He proved worthy to be the first to begin persecution against the Christians." After omnium, Lactantius had (continues)

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma. The renders begin a line or so into the notes: the head of each column is partly cut off (gaps marked). The right image is cropped at its left edge; the lost initial letters of col 198 lines are supplied from the evident word. --> (Primus omnium persecutus Dei servos) ‹anchor: primus omnium persecutus› · lemma note, continued, col 197

(continued) [line(s) cut off at the head of the render] ... clesia. Praecesserant enim martyria SS. Joannis Baptistae, Jacobi, et Stephani, quo tempore ex Actis cap. viii fuit magna persecutio Jerosolymis. In ms. Colb. pro persecutus, est persecutos; mendose.

(Nec tamen habuit impune) ‹anchor: nec tamen habuit impune› · lemma note in col 197 Nec tamen habuit impune. Ita ms. Colb. habuit, ut et infra ad initium capitis 30, ubi pariter legitur in eodem ms., habuit impune. In posteriore loco editio Parisiensis an. 1710 et in priore priscae editiones substituerunt abiit; sed perperam. Eadem enim locutione utitur Lactantius in Epitome cap. 53: Nec ullus impune habuit quod Deum laesit; et cap. 55: Cur impune habent Aegyptii, qui pecudes et omnis generis bestias colunt? Habuit, vox est inter lineas in ms. addita, sed eadem plane manu.

Yet he did not have it with impunity. So the Colbert manuscript, habuit, as also below at the beginning of ch. 30, where likewise in the same manuscript is read habuit impune. In the latter place the Paris edition of 1710, and in the former the old editions, substituted abiit ("went off"); but wrongly. For Lactantius uses the same expression in the Epitome, ch. 53: "nor did anyone have it with impunity that he injured God"; and ch. 55: "Why do the Egyptians have it with impunity, who worship cattle and beasts of every kind?" Habuit is a word added between the lines in the manuscript, but plainly by the same hand.

(Respexit enim Deus vexationem populi sui) ‹anchor: respexit enim Deus› · lemma note in col 197 Respexit enim Deus vexationem populi sui. Suetonius: Cum a Senatu Nero quaereretur ad poenam, e palatio fugiens, ad quartum Urbis milliarium in suburbano liberti sui, inter Salariam et Numentanam viam semet interficit anno aetatis suae 32. Quod contigit anno Christi lxviii, die 9 Junii. TOINARD.

For God looked upon the affliction of his people. Suetonius: "When Nero was being sought by the Senate for punishment, fleeing from the palace, at the fourth milestone from the City, in a suburban villa of his freedman between the Salarian and Nomentan roads, he killed himself in the 32nd year of his age." This happened in the year of Christ 68, on the 9th of June. TOINARD.

(Nusquam repente comparuit, etc.) ‹anchor: nusquam repente comparuit› · lemma note in col 197 Nusquam repente comparuit, etc. S. Augustinus, de Civitate Dei lib. xx, cap. 19: Nonnulli ipsum Neronem resurrecturum, et futurum Antichristum; Alii vero nec eum occisum putant: sed subtractum potius, ut putaretur occisus; et vivum occultari in vigore ipsius aetatis in qua fuit, cum crederetur extinctus, donec suo tempore reveletur, et restituatur in regnum. Fuit illa plerorumque opinio tertio etiamque quarto saeculo, Neronem venturum ante saeculi finem, et ipsum vel fore Antichristum, vel iisdem temporibus per Occidentem saeviturum, quibus ille per Orientem. Quae fuit etiam opinio S. Martini Turonens. et Sulpic. Severi, Dialog. 2 atque Historiae Sacrae lib. ii: Sed multum mira haec opinantium praesumptio, inquit Augustinus, loco supra citato. Contra Lactantii et Sulpicii opinionem facit, quod a Plutarcho refertur in Vita Galbae; maxime vero quod ait Suetonius, lib. vi, cap. 50: Funeratus est impensa ducentorum millium, stragulis albis auro intextis, quibus usus Kalend. Januarii fuerat. Reliquias Aegloge et Alexandria nutrices cum Acte concubina gentili Domitiorum monumento condiderunt, quod prospicitur e campo Martio impositum colle hortorum. In eo monumento solium porphyretici marmoris superstanti Lunensi ara circumseptum est lapide Thasio. TOINARD.

Suddenly he appeared nowhere, etc. St Augustine, City of God book 20, ch. 19: "Some [think] that Nero himself will rise again and be the Antichrist; others think he was not even slain, but rather withdrawn, so that he might be thought slain, and is hidden alive in the vigour of the age he then had, when he was believed dead, until he is revealed in his own time and restored to his kingdom." It was the opinion of many in the third and even the fourth century that Nero would come before the end of the world, and would either himself be the Antichrist or would rage through the West at the same time as that one through the East. This was also the opinion of St Martin of Tours and of Sulpicius Severus, Dialogue 2 and Sacred History book 2. "But this presumption of those who think so is very strange," says Augustine in the place cited above. Against the opinion of Lactantius and Sulpicius tells what Plutarch reports in the Life of Galba; and above all what Suetonius says, book 6, ch. 50: "He was buried at a cost of two hundred thousand, in white coverlets woven with gold, which he had used on the Kalends of January. His nurses Aegloge and Alexandria, with Acte his concubine, laid his remains in the family tomb of the Domitii, which is seen from the Campus Martius, set on the Hill of Gardens. In that tomb a sarcophagus of porphyry, with an altar of Luna marble standing over it, is enclosed by Thasian stone." TOINARD.

(Tam malae bestiae) ‹anchor: tam malae bestiae› · lemma note in col 197 Tam malae bestiae. Eadem locutione utitur de tyrannis scribens infra cap. 4. Et cap. 9, de Maximiano Galerio: Inerat huic bestiae naturalis barbaries et feritas; et cap. 16, 25, 32, 39 et 52. Divinarum autem Institut. lib. v, cap. 11: Illa est vera bestia, etc. Et cap. 23: Postea vindicaturum se in eos Deus pollicetur, et exterminaturum bestias malas de terra; nec non lib. vi cap. 9. Belluas etiam eos nominat, lib. v cap. 11, lib. vi c. 17.

Of so evil a beast. He uses the same expression writing of the tyrants below, ch. 4. And ch. 9, of Maximianus Galerius: "In this beast there was a natural barbarity and savagery"; and ch. 16, 25, 32, 39 and 52. And Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 11: "That is the true beast", etc. And ch. 23: "God promises that he will afterwards take vengeance on them and destroy the evil beasts from the earth"; and also book 6, ch. 9. He also calls them brutes, book 5, ch. 11, book 6, ch. 17.

(Deliri) ‹anchor: deliri› · lemma note in col 197 Deliri. Ms. deleri.

Mad. The manuscript has deleri.

(Credunt esse translatum ac vivum reservatum) ‹anchor: credunt esse translatum› · lemma note in cols 197–198 Credunt esse translatum ac vivum reservatum. Fabula, cujus origo non obscura. Plures enim pseudonerones fuere. Primus in insula Cythno, Tacit. ii histor. cap. 8; alter, cui nomen Terentio maximo, Zonaras in Tito; tertius sub Domitiano, viginti annis [line cut off at the head of col 198] ... rius super exitu ejus rumor, pluribus vivere eum fingentibus credentibusque. BUN.

They believe he was carried away and kept alive. A fable whose origin is not obscure. For there were several false Neros. The first on the island of Cythnus, Tacitus, Histories 2, ch. 8; a second, named Terentius Maximus, Zonaras on Titus; a third under Domitian, twenty years [line cut off at the head of col 198] ... a [vague?] rumour about his end, many inventing and believing that he was alive. BÜNEMANN.

(Sibylla dicente) ‹anchor: Sibylla dicente› · lemma note in col 198 Sibylla dicente. Sic libros Sibyllinos laudare solet Lactantius, tametsi illos sciret non unius esse Sibyllae, sed plurium. Ita ipse lib. i Div. Institut. cap. 6: Et sunt singularum singuli libri: qui quia Sibyllae nomine inscribuntur, unius esse creduntur. Sed et nos confuse Sibyllam dicemus, sicubi testimoniis earum fuerit abutendum. Hi loci videntur esse ex lib. v et vi Sibyllinorum oraculorum. Vid. Not. Baluz.

As the Sibyl says. So Lactantius is accustomed to cite the Sibylline books, although he knew they were not of one Sibyl but of several. So he himself, Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 6: "And there are separate books of each; which, because they are inscribed with the name of the Sibyl, are believed to be of one. But we too shall speak loosely of 'the Sibyl' wherever we have occasion to use their testimonies." These passages seem to be from books 5 and 6 of the Sibylline oracles. See Baluze's Note.

(A finibus) ‹anchor: a finibus› · lemma note in col 198 A finibus. Doctissimus Janson ab Almeloven addendum esse ait terrae, quod excidisse putat.

From the ends. The most learned Janson van Almeloveen says terrae ("of the earth") should be added, which he thinks has dropped out.

(Persequatur) ‹anchor: persequatur› · lemma note in col 198 Persequatur. Ita ms. sed litteris breviatis; quod melius convenit cum praecedat.

Should persecute. So the manuscript, but in abbreviated letters; which agrees better with praecedat.

(Itaque fas est credere) ‹anchor: itaque fas est credere› · lemma note in col 198 Itaque fas est credere. Ita restitui, apprime observata Manuscripti scriptura, in quo fas tantum satis apte legitur; spatium vero praecedit quinque vel sex litterarum, unde reposui itaque. Haec vox spatium implere potest. Aliae editiones habent, nefas est credere. Sed lectio quam sequimur, in textu consonantior mihi videtur cum ms. et cum sequentibus auctoris verbis.

And so it is right to believe. So I restored it, having closely observed the manuscript's writing, in which only fas is read, fairly aptly; but a space of five or six letters precedes, whence I put back itaque. This word can fill the space. Other editions have "it is wrong to believe". But the reading we follow in the text seems to me more in accord with the manuscript and with the author's following words.

(Duos) ‹anchor: duos› · lemma note in col 198 Duos. ms. habet duas, sed male.

Two. The manuscript has duas, but wrongly.

(In ultima tempora, atque initium Christi) ‹anchor: in ultima tempora› · lemma note in col 198 In ultima tempora, atque initium Christi. Post ultima abrasa sunt in ms. duo saltem verba. Sed cum inspecta diligenter scriptura legantur tres ultimae litterae vocis atque, tunc supplendum putavi tempora atque. At duo Prophetae quorum hic habetur mentio, sunt Moses atque Elias. — In ultima ... initium Christi. In ultima aetate. Initium Christi videtur initium millenarii esse, quod Lactantius variis locis adstruxit. CELL. — In ultima ... initium. Ibi duo aut tria verba abrasa sunt, teste Nurrio. Num de millenario haec intelligenda sint, incertum, quia locus mancus; et dubitat Bauldr. quia sequitur sempiternum. BUN.

Into the last times, and the beginning of Christ. After ultima at least two words have been erased in the manuscript. But since, on careful examination of the writing, the last three letters of the word atque are read, I thought tempora atque should be supplied. The two Prophets mentioned here are Moses and Elijah. — In ultima ... initium Christi: in the last age. "The beginning of Christ" seems to be the beginning of the millennium, which Lactantius asserted in various places. CELLARIUS. — In ultima ... initium: there two or three words have been erased, on Le Nourry's testimony. Whether this is to be understood of the millennium is uncertain, because the passage is defective; and Baudri doubts it, because sempiternum follows. BÜNEMANN.

(Quod Sibyllae futurum praenuntiant) ‹anchor: quod Sibyllae futurum praenuntiant› · lemma note in col 198 Quod Sibyllae futurum praenuntiant. Post coeperit, desunt in ms. decem circiter litterae, usque ad unt pronuntiant. Has existimavi suppleri posse his verbis, quae breviatis litteris istud spatium replere possunt. Caeterae editiones habent pronuntiant, quod verbum breviatum legi potest praenuntiant. De his porro Sibyllarum prophetiis vide lib. vii Institut. cap. 15 usque ad 20.

Which the Sibyls foretell is to come. After coeperit about ten letters are wanting in the manuscript, up to unt pronuntiant. I thought these could be supplied by these words, which in abbreviated letters can fill that space. The other editions have pronuntiant, a word which, abbreviated, can be read praenuntiant. On these prophecies of the Sibyls, moreover, see Inst. book 7, ch. 15 to 20.

(Ut praecursor, etc.) ‹anchor: ut praecursor› · lemma note in col 198 Ut praecursor, etc. Hic in ms. legitur solum cursor, atque ante vocem istam tres aut quatuor desunt litterae, quas per istas, ut praecursor, supplevimus, vel per qui praecursor.

As forerunner, etc. Here in the manuscript only cursor is read, and before that word three or four letters are wanting, which we have supplied with these, ut praecursor, or with qui praecursor.

(Humani generis) ‹anchor: humani generis› · lemma note in col 198 Humani generis. In ms. desunt litterae duae ultimae Humani, ac priores duae generis: itaque non difficile fuit iis supplere.

Of the human race. In the manuscript the last two letters of Humani and the first two of generis are wanting; so it was not difficult to supply them.

(Aliquot) ‹anchor: aliquot› · lemma note in col 198 Aliquot. In ms. legitur aliquod, quod erratum frequens est in eo libro.

Some. In the manuscript aliquod is read, an error frequent in that book.

(Alter non minor tyrannus ortus est) ‹anchor: alter non minor tyrannus› · lemma note in col 198 Alter non minor tyrannus ortus est. Ortus est, id est, imperare coepit; Domitianus, duodecim Caesarum postremus. TOINARD. — Domitianus Calvus Nero dictus a Juvenale, quem Tertullianus in Apologetico, c. 5, vocat portionem Neronis in crudelitate; et Eusebius, l. iii Hist. eccles., c. 17: Neronianae impietatis et odii adversus Deum successorem. BALUZ.

Another tyrant, no less, arose. Ortus est, that is, began to reign; Domitian, the last of the twelve Caesars. TOINARD. — Domitian, called "the bald Nero" by Juvenal, whom Tertullian in the Apology, ch. 5, calls "a portion of Nero in cruelty"; and Eusebius, Church History book 3, ch. 17: "successor of Nero's impiety and hatred against God." BALUZE.

(Injustam) ‹anchor: injustam› · lemma note in col 198 Injustam. Sic potest legi in ms., caeterae editiones (continues)

Unjust. So it can be read in the manuscript; the other editions (continues)

(printed under page 98)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma; they begin under the running head "VARIORUM NOTAE" below the author's last lines. The right foot image is cropped at its right edge; line-final letters lost there are supplied from the evident word, or marked [cut]. --> (Injustam) ‹anchor: injustam› · lemma note, continued, col 199

(continued) habent invisam.

(Subjectorum cervicibus incubavit) ‹anchor: subjectorum cervicibus incubavit› · lemma note in col 199 Subjectorum cervicibus incubavit. Lactantius Div. Institut., l. v, c. 5: Soli absconditis incubarent; et c. 9: In eos totis carnificinae suae viribus incumbunt; l. vii, c. 19: Capto mundo, cum magnis latronum exercitibus incubabit.

He lay heavy on the necks of his subjects. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 5: "that they alone might brood over hidden things"; and ch. 9: "they bear down on them with all the strength of their butchery"; book 7, ch. 19: "having taken the world, he will lie upon it with great armies of robbers."

(Traditus in manus inimicorum luit poenas) ‹anchor: traditus in manus inimicorum› · lemma note in col 199 Traditus in manus inimicorum luit poenas. Domitianus mense februario anni Chr. 94 saevire coepit. Peremptus est anno Christi 96, 14 kal. octobr. (sive die 18 septembr.), ut in confesso est apud omnes. TOINARD. — Neque aliter Lactant., Divin. Instit., l. vii, de Antichristo: Et captus, tandem scelerum suorum luat poenas. Idem Epitom., cap. 68.

Delivered into the hands of his enemies, he paid the penalty. Domitian began to rage in the month of February of the year of Christ 94. He was slain in the year of Christ 96, on the 14th day before the Kalends of October (that is, on 18 September), as is admitted by all. TOINARD. — Nor otherwise Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, of the Antichrist: "And, captured, let him at last pay the penalty of his crimes." The same, Epitome ch. 68.

(Interfectus, domi) ‹anchor: interfectus, domi› · lemma note in col 199 Interfectus, domi. Sic legere maluimus cum doctissimo Cupero, quam cum caeteris, interfectus domi.

Slain, at home. We have preferred to read thus, with the most learned Cuper, rather than with the others, "slain at home".

(Memoria nominis ejus erasa est) ‹anchor: memoria nominis ejus erasa est› · lemma note in col 199 Memoria nominis ejus erasa est. Et infra, c. 52, et erasit de terra. Macrob., l. i Saturnal., c. 12: Octobrem vero suo nomine Domitianus invaserat: sed uti infaustum vocabulum ex omni aere vel saxo placuit eradi. BALUZ.

The memory of his name was erased. And below, ch. 52, "and he erased from the earth". Macrobius, Saturnalia book 1, ch. 12: "Domitian had seized October for his own name; but it was resolved that the ill-omened name be erased from every bronze and stone." BALUZE.

(Cum multa mirabilia opera fabricasset) ‹anchor: cum multa mirabilia opera› · lemma note in col 199 Cum multa mirabilia opera fabricasset. Suetonius in Domitiano: Plurima et amplissima opera incendio absumpta restituit, in queis et capitolium, quod rursus arserat, sed omnia sub titulo tantum suo, ac sine ulla pristini auctoris memoria. BALUZ.

Though he had built many wonderful works. Suetonius, in the Domitian: "He restored very many and very large works consumed by fire, among them the Capitol, which had burned again, but all under his own title only, and without any memory of the original builder." BALUZE.

(Neque imaginum, neque titulorum ejus, etc.) ‹anchor: neque imaginum, neque titulorum› · lemma note in col 199 Neque imaginum, neque titulorum ejus, etc. Id ipsum scribit Eusebius, l. iii, c. 20 Hist. eccl. Suetonius: Contra Senatus adeo laetatus est, ut repleta certatim Curia, non temperaret quin mortuum contumeliosissimo atque acerbissimo acclamationum genere laceraret, scalas etiam inferri, clypeosque et imagines ejus coram detrahi, et ibidem solo affigi juberet, novissime eradendos ubique titulos, abolendamque omnem memoriam decerneret. Ex BALUZ.

Neither of his images nor of his titles, etc. Eusebius writes the very same, Church History book 3, ch. 20. Suetonius: "The Senate, on the other hand, so rejoiced that, the Curia being crowded in rivalry, it did not refrain from tearing the dead man with the most insulting and bitter kind of acclamations; it ordered ladders to be brought in and his shields and images to be pulled down before their eyes and dashed to the ground there and then; finally it decreed that his titles be erased everywhere and all memory of him abolished." From BALUZE.

(Relinqueret) ‹anchor: relinqueret› · lemma note in col 199 Relinqueret. Mss. relinquerent.

Should leave. The manuscripts have relinquerent.

(Gravissimis) ‹anchor: gravissimis› · lemma note in col 199 Gravissimis. In ms. est gravissime, cum majuscula initiali littera, praecedente puncto, male.

Most grievous. In the manuscript there is gravissime, with a capital initial letter and a full stop before it, wrongly.

(Rescissis actis tyranni) ‹anchor: rescissis actis tyranni› · lemma note in col 199 Rescissis actis tyranni. Vide supra, not. ad c. 1.

The tyrant's acts having been rescinded. See above, the note on ch. 1.

(Non tantum) ‹anchor: non tantum› · lemma note in col 199 Non tantum. Sic ms. breviatis litteris ttm; at in editis est, non modo, male.

Not only. So the manuscript, in abbreviated letters ttm; but in the printed editions there is non modo, wrongly.

(Ecclesia restituta) ‹anchor: Ecclesia restituta› · lemma note in col 199 Ecclesia restituta. Narrat Dio apud Xiphilinum, Nervam omnes, qui impietatis in deos rei fuerant, absolvisse, exules in patriam reduxisse, edicto insuper vetuisse, ne cui liceret aut impietatis sive Judaicae sectae (sic tum vocabant religionem Christi) quempiam dehinc insimulari. Ea porro occasione Joannes apostolus, qui in Patmon insulam a Domitiano fuerat relegatus, exilio solutus, Ephesum reversus est, ut ex Clemente Alexandrino recitat Eusebius lib. iii, cap. 23.

The Church restored. Dio, in Xiphilinus, relates that Nerva acquitted all who had been accused of impiety towards the gods, brought the exiles back to their country, and moreover forbade by edict that anyone be permitted thenceforth to accuse anyone either of impiety or of the Jewish sect (so they then called the religion of Christ). On that occasion, moreover, John the apostle, who had been banished by Domitian to the island of Patmos, released from exile, returned to Ephesus, as Eusebius relates from Clement of Alexandria, book 3, ch. 23.

(printed under page 99) (Ac) ‹anchor: ac› · lemma note in col 199 Ac. Hanc conjunctionem Heumannus putat esse delendam ut melius fluat oratio.

And. Heumann thinks this conjunction should be deleted, so that the sentence may flow better.

(Boni principes) ‹anchor: boni principes› · lemma note in cols 199–200 Boni principes. Quamvis pagani, scilicet Nerva, Trajanus, Antonini, etc., qui edicta contra christianos non promulgarunt. Lactantius in fine libri septimi Div. Instit. ad Constantinum: Quoniam unus ex omnibus extitisti, qui praecipua virtutis et sanctitatis exempla praeberes, quibus antiquorum principum gloriam, quos tamen fama inter bonos numerat, non modo aequares, sed etiam, quod est maximum, praeterires, etc. De bonis Principibus, qui et libertatem credendi nostris hominibus permiserunt, et eorum ministerio in palatio et in provinciis usi sunt, eosque ad maximas dignitates evexerunt, videndus Eusebius initio libri viii Histor. eccles. BALUZ. — Boni principes. Zozimus, lib. i, c. 7: Ab hoc tempore viri boni (ἐντεῦθεν ἄνδ[ρες] ἀγαθοὶ) principatum adepti, Nerva, Trajanus, et post eum Adrianus et Antoninus Pius et par illud fratrum Verus atque Lucius, multa vitiata correxerunt. Lactantius, l. vii, c. 16, in notis, habet egregium locum: Quos tamen fama inter bonos numerat, quos non modo aequares, sed etiam, quod est maximum, praeterires. BUN.

Good princes. Though pagans, namely Nerva, Trajan, the Antonines, etc., who did not promulgate edicts against the Christians. Lactantius at the end of the seventh book of the Div. Inst., to Constantine: "Since you alone of all have stood forth to furnish outstanding examples of virtue and holiness, by which you might not only equal but, what is greatest, surpass the glory of the ancient princes whom report nevertheless counts among the good", etc. On the good Princes, who both permitted our people freedom of belief and used their service in the palace and in the provinces, and raised them to the highest dignities, Eusebius should be seen at the beginning of book 8 of the Church History. BALUZE. — Good princes. Zosimus, book 1, ch. 7: "From this time good men (ἐντεῦθεν ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ, 'thereafter good men') having obtained the principate, Nerva, Trajan, and after him Hadrian and Antoninus Pius and that pair of brothers Verus and Lucius, corrected many abuses." Lactantius, book 7, ch. 16, in the notes, has a notable passage: "whom report nevertheless counts among the good, whom you might not only equal but, what is greatest, surpass." BÜNEMANN.

(Nullos inimicorum impetus passa) ‹anchor: nullos inimicorum impetus passa› · lemma note in col 200 Nullos inimicorum impetus passa. Id est, fere nullos, aut levioris momenti.

Having suffered no assaults of enemies. That is, almost none, or of slight moment.

(Manus suas in Orientem Occidentemque porrexit) ‹anchor: manus suas in Orientem› · lemma note in col 200 Manus suas in Orientem Occidentemque porrexit. Lactantius, l. vii Div. Instit., c. 15: Roma... sublata Carthagine, manus suas in totum orbem terra marique porrexit. Epitom., c. 51: Alas suas in Orientem Occidentemque porrexit.

She stretched out her hands to East and West. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 15: "Rome... Carthage destroyed, stretched out her hands over the whole world by land and sea." Epitome ch. 51: "she stretched out her wings to East and West."

(Nullus terrarum angulus tam remotus, quo non religio Dei penetrasset) ‹anchor: nullus terrarum angulus› · lemma note in col 200 Nullus terrarum angulus tam remotus, quo non religio Dei penetrasset. Lact., l. iv Div. Inst., c. 26: Crux potius electa est, quae significaret illum tam conspicuum, tamque sublimem futurum, ut ad eum cognoscendum pariter et colendum, cunctae nationes ex omni orbe concurrerent. Denique nulla gens tam inhumana est, nulla regio tam remota, cui aut passio ejus, aut sublimitas majestatis ignota sit. BALUZ.

No corner of the earth so remote that the religion of God had not reached it. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 26: "The cross was rather chosen, to signify that he would be so conspicuous and so exalted that all nations from the whole world would run together to know him and likewise to worship him. In short, no nation is so inhuman, no region so remote, that either his passion or the height of his majesty is unknown to it." BALUZE.

(Quo non) ‹anchor: quo non› · lemma note in col 200 Quo non. In ms., co n.

Where not. In the manuscript, co n.

(Denique natio) ‹anchor: denique natio› · lemma note in col 200 Denique natio. In ms., denique di natio.

In short, nation. In the manuscript, denique di natio.

(Nulla denique natio, etc.) ‹anchor: nulla denique natio› · lemma note in col 200 Nulla denique natio, etc. In ms. post denique, est di natio. Vel est mundi, vel est Dei: quam vocem, ut superfluam, expungendam esse dicit BALUZ.

In short, no nation, etc. In the manuscript, after denique, there is di natio. It is either mundi or Dei: a word which Baluze says should be struck out as superfluous.

(Extitit post annos plurimos execrabile animal Decius, etc.) ‹anchor: extitit post annos plurimos› · lemma note in col 200 Extitit post annos plurimos execrabile animal Decius, etc. Saeviisse Decium statim ac imperavit, docet quoque Chronicon Paschale his verbis: Initio imperii Decii persecutione contra christianos concitata..... Constat Decium sub finem anni 251 ad Abrittum, sive Abrittum in praelio adversus Carpos interiisse et imperasse plus quam duos annos; nempe ab illo temporis spatio quod est intra diem 17 junii et 19 octobris anni 249 usque ad finem novembris anni 251, atque adeo annos duos cum mensibus circiter quinque. TOINARD.

After very many years there arose that execrable animal Decius, etc. That Decius raged as soon as he began to reign the Paschal Chronicle also teaches, in these words: "At the beginning of Decius's reign, a persecution having been stirred up against the Christians....." It is established that Decius perished towards the end of the year 251 at Abrittus, or Abrittum, in battle against the Carpi, and reigned more than two years; that is, from the span of time between 17 June and 19 October of the year 249 to the end of November of the year 251, and so two years and about five months. TOINARD.

(Quis enim justitiam, nisi malus persequatur?) ‹anchor: quis enim justitiam› · lemma note in col 200 Quis enim justitiam, nisi malus persequatur? Per justitiam hic intellige justum populum, populum Dei, servos Dei.

For who but an evil man would persecute justice? By "justice" here understand the just people, the people of God, the servants of God.

(Provectus esset ad illud principale fastigium) ‹anchor: provectus esset ad illud principale fastigium› · lemma note in col 200 Provectus esset ad illud principale fastigium. Et infra, c. 18, sublime fastigium, imperatoriam scilicet dignitatem. Haud secus Lactant., Divin. Instit. l. vii, c. 26, ad finem, in epilogo ad Constantinum imperatorem: Te providentia summae divinitatis ad fastigium principale provexit. Viden utriusque operis au- (continues)

Had been raised to that princely summit. And below, ch. 18, "the lofty summit", that is, the imperial dignity. Not otherwise Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 26, at the end, in the epilogue to the emperor Constantine: "The providence of the supreme divinity has raised you to the princely summit." Do you see [that] the au- (continues)

(printed under page 99)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's last line. NB: page 99's last note ("Provectus esset ad illud principale fastigium") breaks off at "Viden utriusque operis au-", but no continuation of it is visible at the head of these notes, which open directly with "Profectus adversus Carpos"; the rest of that note was not found on this page. The sheet signature "PATROL. VII" and "7" at the foot are printer's marks, not notes. --> (Profectus adversus Carpos, qui tum Daciam Moesiamque occupaverant, etc.) ‹anchor: profectus adversus Carpos› · lemma note in col 201 Profectus adversus Carpos, qui tum Daciam Moesiamque occupaverant, etc. Carpos in hoc Lactantii loco, Francos in Chronico Paschali, Getas sive Gothos apud Jornandem, et Scythas apud Zozimum, eosdem esse ostendit du Cangius in notis, p. 547 ad Chronic. Pasch. TOINARD.

Having set out against the Carpi, who then had occupied Dacia and Moesia, etc. That the Carpi in this passage of Lactantius, the Franks in the Paschal Chronicle, the Getae or Goths in Jordanes, and the Scythians in Zosimus are the same, du Cange has shown in his notes on the Paschal Chronicle, p. 547. TOINARD.

(Adversus) ‹anchor: adversus› · lemma note in col 201 Adversus. In ms., adversu.

Against. In the manuscript, adversu.

(Carpos) ‹anchor: Carpos› · lemma note in col 201 Carpos. Populos transdanubianos ex Ptolom. aut Gallos, juxta Cedrenum.

The Carpi. Peoples beyond the Danube, according to Ptolemy; or Gauls, according to Cedrenus.

(Deletus, nec sepultura quidem potuit honorari) ‹anchor: deletus, nec sepultura quidem› · lemma note in col 201 Deletus, nec sepultura quidem potuit honorari. Pro nec, mallem ne: sic supra, cap. 11. Ut ne sepulturae quidem locus.... appareret. Decii necem ultioni quoque divinae tribuunt Cyprianus initio libri de Lapsis, et ad Demetrianum, nec non Hieronymus in Zachar. xiv. Inter paludes enim victus, cum exercitu deletus est, ex Aurelio Victore.

Destroyed, he could not even be honoured with burial. For nec I should prefer ne: so above, ch. 11 [sic]: "so that not even a place of burial.... appeared". Cyprian, at the beginning of the book On the Lapsed and in To Demetrian, and also Jerome on Zechariah 14, likewise ascribe Decius's death to divine vengeance. For, defeated among the marshes, he was destroyed with his army, according to Aurelius Victor.

(Ut hostem Dei oportebat) ‹anchor: ut hostem Dei oportebat› · lemma note in col 201 Ut hostem Dei oportebat. Locutio Lactantiana, lib. de Ira Dei, cap. 19: Si est providus, ut oportet Deum. Utrobique supple esse.

As befitted an enemy of God. A Lactantian expression, On the Wrath of God, ch. 19: "if he is provident, as befits God". In both places supply esse ("to be").

(Non multo post Valerianus) ‹anchor: non multo post Valerianus› · lemma note in col 201 Non multo post Valerianus. Post septem annos. Nam anno Christi 257 saeviit, imperii sui 5. TOINARD. Mira sunt, quae de modestia ac mansuetudine, reliquisque summis Valeriani virtutibus tradit Trebellius Pollio: quae confirmantur etiam ab Eusebio, qui lib. vii Hist. Eccles., cap. 10, illum vel ex eo maxime commendat, quod mansuetissimus, ac benignissimus fuerit erga Christianos; additque, nullum superiorum Principum, ne illos quidem ipsos, qui palam Christiani fuisse dicuntur, tanta humanitate ac benevolentia nostros complexum esse, quantam Valerianus prae se ferebat initio principatus sui, totamque ejus familiam Christianis hominibus abundasse, ita ut Dei Ecclesia esse videretur. Sed postea immensum mutatus ab illo, crudelissime saeviit in Christianos; ac mox secuta Dei manus, quae illum graviter afflixit. BALUZ.

Not long after, Valerian. Seven years after. For he raged in the year of Christ 257, the fifth of his reign. TOINARD.

(In Deum) ‹anchor: in Deum› · lemma note in col 201 In Deum. Ms., In Deo.

Against God. The manuscript has In Deo.

(Poenae) ‹anchor: poenae› · lemma note in col 201 Poenae. Ms., Pene; ac ideo Heuman. legit, singulari prorsus poenae genere.

Of punishment. The manuscript has Pene; and therefore Heumann reads "by an altogether singular kind of punishment".

(Ut esset posteris documentum) ‹anchor: ut esset posteris documentum› · lemma note in col 201 Ut esset posteris documentum. Vide supra cap. 1, Distulerat poenas eorum Deus, ut ederet in eos magna et mirabilia exempla, quibus posteri discerent, et Deum esse unum, et eumdem vindicem digna videlicet supplicia impiis ac persecutoribus inrogare.

That it might be a lesson to posterity. See above, ch. 1: "God had deferred their punishments, that he might put forth on them great and wonderful examples, by which posterity might learn both that God is one, and that he, the same, as avenger inflicts fitting punishments on the impious and the persecutors."

(Adversarios Dei semper dignam scelere suo recipere mercedem) ‹anchor: adversarios Dei semper› · lemma note in col 201 Adversarios Dei semper dignam scelere suo recipere mercedem. Semper, ita ms. legit, id est, dignam semper suo scelere mercedem Dei hostes recipere. Quamvis non de omnibus persecutoribus agat Lactantius, sed de multis, quos posteris in dignae ultionis exemplum adducere ira divina voluit. Pro semper antiqui editi legunt saepe, contra fidem ms.

That the adversaries of God always receive the wages worthy of their crime. Semper, so the manuscript reads, that is, that God's enemies always receive the wages worthy of their crime. Although Lactantius is not treating of all the persecutors, but of many, whom the divine wrath willed to bring forward to posterity as an example of fitting vengeance. For semper the old printed editions read saepe ("often"), against the evidence of the manuscript.

(printed under page 100) (Quo) ‹anchor: quo› · lemma note in col 201 Quo. Ms., Quod.

By which. The manuscript has Quod.

(Sapor, is qui eum ceperat) ‹anchor: Sapor, is qui eum ceperat› · lemma note in col 201 Sapor, is qui eum ceperat. Ita mss. Priscae editiones habent Sapores, qui; male.

Sapor, he who had captured him. So the manuscripts. The old editions have Sapores, qui; wrongly.

(Inclinare sibi Romanum) ‹anchor: inclinare sibi Romanum› · lemma note in cols 201–202 Inclinare sibi Romanum. Non stratoris officium exhibebat Sapori Valerianus: sed plane vicem stapedis, aut scalae illi in equum ascensuro praestabat, ut colligitur ex Actis S. Pontii Martyris, cap. 24: Valerianus scilicet Imperator in captivitatem ductus a Sapore, Rege Persarum, non gladio, sed ludibrio omnibus diebus vitae suae merita pro factis percepit; ita ut quotienscumque Rex Sapor equum conscendere vellet, non manibus ejus, sed incurvato dorso, et in cervice ejus pede posito, equo membra locaret. Similia tradit Hugo Floriacensis in Chronico: Valerianus Dei praesidio destitutus, a Rege Persarum Sapore captus.... donec vixit, hanc infamis officii poenam semper tulit, ut acclinis humi Regem ascensurum, non manu, sed dorso attolleret. BALUZ.

To make the Roman bow down to him. Valerian did not perform for Sapor the office of a groom; he plainly served him in place of a stirrup or a ladder when he was about to mount his horse, as is gathered from the Acts of St Pontius the Martyr, ch. 24: "The emperor Valerian, namely, led into captivity by Sapor, king of the Persians, received his deserts for his deeds not by the sword but by mockery all the days of his life; so that whenever King Sapor wished to mount his horse, he set his limbs on the horse not by Valerian's hands but by his bent back, placing his foot on his neck." Hugh of Fleury relates similar things in his Chronicle: "Valerian, deprived of God's protection, captured by Sapor, king of the Persians.... as long as he lived, always bore this penalty of an infamous office, that, bowed to the ground, he lifted the king as he mounted, not with his hand but with his back." BALUZE.

(Romanum) ‹anchor: Romanum› · lemma note in col 202 Romanum. In ms., Romanam; mendose.

The Roman. In the manuscript, Romanam; wrongly.

(Imposito) ‹anchor: imposito› · lemma note in col 202 Imposito. In ms. imposita; male.

Placed. In the manuscript imposita; wrongly.

(Supra dorsum) ‹anchor: supra dorsum› · lemma note in col 202 Supra dorsum. Ita ms., sed breviatis litteris. Hanc historiam Heumannus in dubium revocat. Priscae editiones habent super. — Imposito pede super dorsum ejus. In mss. Supra. Nurrius: Quis unquam, inquit, phrasin huic similem in veris Lactantii libris animadvertit? Ego vero dico, Lactantium non abhorrere ab stylo antiquae versionis, et phrasin huic similem in veris Lactantii libris animadverti, lib. iv Inst., cap. 14: Imponite cidarim mundam super caput ipsius; et ibid.: Et posuerunt cidarim super caput ejus. Eodem modo Cypr. l. ii. Quirin. c. 13, Curt. lib. ix, cap. 7: Pedem super cervicem jacentis imposuit. BUN.

Upon his back. So the manuscript, but in abbreviated letters. Heumann calls this story into doubt. The old editions have super. — Imposito pede super dorsum ejus: in the manuscripts, Supra. Le Nourry: "Who ever noticed a phrase like this in the genuine books of Lactantius?" But I say that Lactantius does not shrink from the style of the old version, and I have noticed a phrase like this in the genuine books of Lactantius, Inst. book 4, ch. 14: "Put a clean mitre upon his head"; and ibid.: "And they put a mitre upon his head." In the same way Cyprian, To Quirinus book 2, ch. 13; Curtius, book 9, ch. 7: "He set his foot upon the neck of the man lying down." BÜNEMANN.

(Triumphi genus) ‹anchor: triumphi genus› · lemma note in col 202 Triumphi genus. Haec addidimus verba tamquam necessaria, quamvis non legantur in ms.

A kind of triumph. We have added these words as necessary, although they are not read in the manuscript.

(Exprobrans ei) ‹anchor: exprobrans ei› · lemma note in col 202 Exprobrans ei. Ita ms. ei, non et.

Taunting him. So the manuscript, ei, not et.

(In tabulis aut parietibus) ‹anchor: in tabulis aut parietibus› · lemma note in col 202 In tabulis aut parietibus. Mos olim fuit principum gesta in tabulis pingi et in parietibus illustrari. Sic Capitolinus in Maximino, cap. 12: Jussit tabulas pingi ita, ut erat bellum ipsum gestum, et ante curiam proponi, ut facta ejus pictura loqueretur: vide etiam Herodianum, lib. iii, cap. 9.

On panels or walls. It was once the custom for the deeds of princes to be painted on panels and displayed on walls. So Capitolinus, in the Maximinus, ch. 12: "He ordered panels to be painted just as the war itself had been waged, and set up before the senate-house, so that the painting might speak his deeds"; see also Herodian, book 3, ch. 9.

(Ille) ‹anchor: ille› · lemma note in col 202 Ille. Ms. Illae, mendose.

He. The manuscript has Illae, wrongly.

(Dignissime triumphatus) ‹anchor: dignissime triumphatus› · lemma note in col 202 Dignissime triumphatus. Dignissime, scilicet ut merebatur: triumphatus passive. Itaque non mirum, si infra triumphare junxerit cum quarto casu, c. 16. saeculum cum suis terroribus triumphasti. Similiter Lactantius scribit, catenatam mortem cum suis terroribus triumpharet, lib. iv, c. 26: Triumphato seculo, Epitom. c. 66, captivos triumphavit, c. 46, triumphari deos, Daemonas, c. 51, terram triumphabit. Div. Inst. l. vi, c. 23. Valeriani servitus fuit decem annorum.

Most deservedly triumphed over. Dignissime, that is, as he deserved; triumphatus in the passive. So it is no wonder if below he has joined triumphare with the accusative, ch. 16: "you have triumphed over the world with its terrors." Similarly Lactantius writes "that he might triumph over death, chained with its terrors", book 4, ch. 26; "the world having been triumphed over", Epitome ch. 66; "he triumphed over the captives", ch. 46; "the gods, the Demons, are triumphed over", ch. 51; "he will triumph over the earth", Div. Inst. book 6, ch. 23. Valerian's servitude lasted ten years.

(Cum filium haberet Imperatorem) ‹anchor: cum filium haberet Imperatorem› · lemma note in col 202 Cum filium haberet Imperatorem. Gallienum nempe seniorem, quem jam ab anno Christi 251 fecerat Imperii consortem, quique capto patre, solus per multos annos summam rerum administravit; nec unquam eum a persecutore vindicare voluit, licet Bactriani, Hiberi, Albani et Tauroscythae auxilia fuerint polliciti, ad Valerianum de captivitate liberandum, ut scribit Trebellius Pollio in Valeriano seniore.

Though he had a son who was Emperor. Gallienus the elder, namely, whom he had made partner in the Empire from the year of Christ 251 [as printed], and who, his father being captured, alone administered the state for many years; nor did he ever wish to rescue him from his persecutor, although the Bactrians, Iberians, Albanians and Tauroscythians had promised help for freeing Valerian from captivity, as Trebellius Pollio writes in the Valerian the Elder.

(printed under page 100)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. VI). No continuation from page 100 is visible at their head. --> (Extremae) ‹anchor: extremae› · lemma note in col 203 Extremae. Ms., extremaeme, male.

Last. The manuscript has extremaeme, wrongly.

(Direpta est ei cutis) ‹anchor: direpta est ei cutis› · lemma note in col 203 Direpta est ei cutis. Ita ms, sed male. Diripere est expilare: diripere agros, urbes. Mallem hic legere cum doctissimo Nic. Heinsio, derepta. Deripere est detrahere, auferre, ut ostendit in Notis ad Ovidium. Ex hoc versu metamorph., v. 388: Clamanti cutis est summos derepta per artus.

His skin was plundered from him. So the manuscript, but wrongly. Diripere is to pillage: to plunder fields, cities. I should prefer to read here, with the most learned Nicolaas Heinsius, derepta. Deripere is to strip off, take away, as he shows in his Notes on Ovid, from this verse of the Metamorphoses [book 6], v. 388:

(Nec omnino repetitus est) ‹anchor: nec omnino repetitus est› · lemma note in col 203 Nec omnino repetitus est. Doctiss. Nurr. hunc locum nimis extendit. Sed Pollio contra Caecilii nostri opinionem tres nobis repraesentat epistolas, quibus Betsoldus et Artabandes Reges libertatem Valeriani a Sapore postulaverunt. Quamobrem hae epistolae Caecilio incompertae omnino videntur; nisi probaveris, nihil aliud ejus verbis significari, quam ipsum a nullo nomine Romano aut Romanis subdito fuisse repetitum. Quid si simplicissime exponas de filio, de quo unice praecessit, ut subintelligatur pronomen, uti saepe: non invenit ultorem (eum), nec (ab eo) repetitus est. BUN.

Nor was he reclaimed at all. The most learned Le Nourry stretches this passage too far. But Pollio, against the opinion of our Caecilius, sets before us three letters in which the kings Betsoldus and Artabandes asked Sapor for Valerian's freedom. Therefore these letters seem to have been altogether unknown to Caecilius; unless you prove that nothing else is meant by his words than that he was reclaimed by no one of the Roman name or subject to the Romans. What if you explain it most simply of the son, who alone was mentioned just before, so that a pronoun is understood, as often: "he found no avenger (in him), nor was he reclaimed (by him)"? BÜNEMANN.

(printed under page 101) (Est) ‹anchor: est› · lemma note in col 203 Est. Haec vox non legitur in ms., sed tantum adest quaedam virgula.

Is. This word is not read in the manuscript; only a sort of stroke is there.

(Clarissimi triumphi) ‹anchor: clarissimi triumphi› · lemma note in col 203 Clarissimi triumphi. Ms. Karissimi.

Of a most glorious triumph. The manuscript has Karissimi.

(Ostentus) ‹anchor: ostentus› · lemma note in col 203 Ostentus. Ita ms. at in editis est ostentui.

Display. So the manuscript; but in the printed editions there is ostentui.

(Principis) ‹anchor: principis› · lemma note in col 203 Principis. Ms. Principes, male.

Of the prince. The manuscript has Principes, wrongly.

(Apud deos suos) ‹anchor: apud deos suos› · lemma note in col 203 Apud deos suos. Id est, in templo deorum suorum.

Among his gods. That is, in the temple of his gods.

(Aurelianus qui esset) ‹anchor: Aurelianus, qui esset› · lemma note in col 203 Aurelianus qui esset. Ita ms. Colb. Almelov. forte quum esset: sat recte.

Aurelian, who was. So the Colbert manuscript. Almeloveen: perhaps quum esset ("since he was"); rightly enough.

(Vesanus et praeceps) ‹anchor: vesanus et praeceps› · lemma note in col 203 Vesanus et praeceps. Ex Flavio Vopisco: Aurelianus severus, truculentus, sanguinarius fuit princeps. Ex Eutrop., lib. ix, de eodem: Vir in bello potens, animi tamen immodici, et ad crudelitatem propensioris. Et praeceps distincte non legitur in ms. sed virgula quaedam cum voce prebs, quod aeque diceretur Vesanus princeps. Attamen non inconcinne in editis est praeceps; sic Livius eleganter ait praeceps in avaritiam et crudelitatem animus.

Mad and headlong. From Flavius Vopiscus: "Aurelian was a severe, ferocious, bloodthirsty prince." From Eutropius, book 9, of the same: "a man powerful in war, but of immoderate temper, and rather inclined to cruelty." And praeceps is not read distinctly in the manuscript, but a sort of stroke with the word prebs, which might equally be said as "mad prince". Yet praeceps in the printed editions is not inelegant; so Livy elegantly says "a mind headlong into avarice and cruelty".

(Inter initia sui furoris extinctus est) ‹anchor: inter initia sui furoris› · lemma note in col 203 Inter initia sui furoris extinctus est. Concitavit itaque persecutionem solummodo sub finem anni 274 vel initio insequentis. Interemptus est enim mense Aprili anni 275, qua de re vide Euseb. Hist. Eccles. l. vii, c. 30.

He was snuffed out at the very beginnings of his fury. He therefore stirred up the persecution only towards the end of the year 274 or at the beginning of the next. For he was slain in the month of April of the year 275; on which see Eusebius, Church History book 7, ch. 30.

(Coenofrurio) ‹anchor: Coenofrurio› · lemma note in cols 203–204 Coenofrurio. Medio itinere inter Heracleam et Byzantium ad mare. Flavius Vopiscus in D. Aureliano: Sed cum iter faceret, apud Coenophrurium mansionem, quae est inter Heracliam et Byzantium, malitia notarii sui et manu Mucaporis interemptus est. Vide Eutropium, lib. ix. BALUZ.

At Caenophrurium. Midway on the road between Heraclea and Byzantium, by the sea. Flavius Vopiscus, in the Deified Aurelian: "But while he was on a journey, at the station of Caenophrurium, which lies between Heraclea and Byzantium, he was slain through the malice of his secretary and by the hand of Mucapor." See Eutropius, book 9. BALUZE.

(Non modo) ‹anchor: non modo› · lemma note in col 204 Non modo. Non abest a ms.

Not only. Non is missing from the manuscript.

(Fecerunt) ‹anchor: fecerunt› · lemma note in col 204 Fecerunt. Id est, egerunt.

They did. That is, they acted.

(Diocletianus) ‹anchor: Diocletianus› · lemma note in col 204 Diocletianus. Qui (ex fine cap. 9) Diocles ante imperium vocabatur.

Diocletian. Who (from the end of ch. 9) was called Diocles before his reign.

(Malorum machinator) ‹anchor: malorum machinator› · lemma note in col 204 Malorum machinator. Ita Lactantius, lib. vii Divin. Institut., cap. 24; qui est MACHINATOR omnium MALORUM.

Contriver of evils. So Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 24: "who is the CONTRIVER of all EVILS".

(Nec a Deo quidem) ‹anchor: nec a Deo quidem› · lemma note in col 204 Nec a Deo quidem. Mallem legere ne, ut legitur sub initium cap. 6, verum illi NE perficere QUIDEM, quae cogitaverat, licuit.

Not even from God. I should prefer to read ne, as is read near the beginning of ch. 6: "but he was NOT permitted EVEN to accomplish what he had planned."

(Orbem terrae) ‹anchor: orbem terrae› · lemma note in col 204 Orbem terrae. Intellige immensam Imperii Romani amplitudinem.

The world. Understand the immense extent of the Roman Empire.

(Avaritia) ‹anchor: avaritia› · lemma note in col 204 Avaritia. De qua Vopiscus in Numeriano: vide infra Baluzii notas ad istud caput.

By avarice. On which see Vopiscus in the Numerian; see below Baluze's notes on this chapter.

(Timiditate) ‹anchor: timiditate› · lemma note in col 204 Timiditate. Qua tres regni sui participes fecit, nempe Maximianum cognomento Herculium, anno Christi 285. Constantium cognomento Chlorum, et Galerium Maximinum, cognomento Armentarium, anno 293.

By timidity. Through which he made three sharers in his reign: namely Maximian, surnamed Herculius, in the year of Christ 285; Constantius, surnamed Chlorus, and Galerius Maximinus, surnamed Armentarius, in the year 293.

(In quatuor partes) ‹anchor: in quatuor partes› · lemma note in col 204 In quatuor partes. Orientem regebat Diocletianus; Italiam et Africam Maximianus Herculius; Transalpinas provincias Constantius Chlorus; Illyricum et Thraciam Galerius Maximianus. Nicomedia Bithyniae Diocletiani sedes erat regia, Mediolanum Herculii, Augusta Trevirorum Constantii, et Galerii Sirmium in Pannonia.

Into four parts. Diocletian ruled the East; Maximian Herculius Italy and Africa; Constantius Chlorus the provinces beyond the Alps; Galerius Maximianus Illyricum and Thrace. Nicomedia in Bithynia was Diocletian's royal seat, Milan that of Herculius, Trier that of Constantius, and Sirmium in Pannonia that of Galerius.

(Major esse coeperat) ‹anchor: major esse coeperat› · lemma note in col 204 Major esse coeperat. Ms. Majores esse coeperant; mendose.

Had begun to be greater. The manuscript has Majores esse coeperant; wrongly.

(Enormitate indictionum) ‹anchor: enormitate indictionum› · lemma note in col 204 Enormitate indictionum. Ms., inhormitate. Indictionum, id est tributorum, extra ordinem ad arbitrium victoris, aut secundum necessitates Reipublicae. COLUMBUS.

By the enormity of the levies. The manuscript has inhormitate. Indictionum, that is, of tributes imposed extraordinarily at the victor's will, or according to the needs of the State. COLOMB.

(Provinciae quoque in frusta concisae) ‹anchor: provinciae quoque in frusta concisae› · lemma note in col 204 Provinciae quoque in frusta concisae. Ex hoc videmus originem multiplicationis provinciarum, quae aliunde non clare cognoscebatur. Numerum novum provinciarum exhibent notitia imperii utriusque, et alia notitia Episcopatuum, et Libellus provinciarum Schonovii, quem nuper cum Sexto Rufo edidimus, et in Occidentali imperio ipse Sextus Rufus, sive Rufus Festus. CELL.

The provinces too cut into pieces. From this we see the origin of the multiplication of the provinces, which was not clearly known from elsewhere. The new number of provinces is shown by the Notitia of both empires, and another Notitia of the Bishoprics, and Schonhoven's little book of the provinces, which we lately published with Sextus Rufus; and, for the Western empire, Sextus Rufus himself, or Rufus Festus. CELLARIUS.

(Officia) ‹anchor: officia› · lemma note in col 204 Officia. Id est, Praefecti, vel ii qui funguntur Officiis. De iis vide Pancirollum ad notitiam Imperii, cap. 9 et Vossium lib. iii de vitiis Serm. cap. 30.

Offices. That is, Prefects, or those who discharge Offices. On them see Panciroli on the Notitia of the Empire, ch. 9, and Vossius, On the Faults of Speech book 3, ch. 30.

(Civitatibus incubare) ‹anchor: civitatibus incubare› · lemma note in col 204 Civitatibus incubare. Sic et Lactantius Divin. Instit. lib. vii, cap. 19: Siquidem capto mundo cum magnis (continues)

To lie heavy on the cities. So also Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 19: "Since, the world having been taken, with great (continues)

(printed under page 101)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text. --> (Civitatibus incubare) ‹anchor: civitatibus incubare› · lemma note, continued, col 205

(continued) latronum exercitibus INCUBABIT; lib. 5, cap. 11, uno loco recubans.

(Rationales) ‹anchor: rationales› · lemma note in col 205 Rationales. Id est, Fisci Regii Procuratores missi in provincias: sic Lampridius in Alexandro, cap. 45: Procuratores, id est rationales.

Accountants. That is, Procurators of the Royal Treasury sent into the provinces: so Lampridius in the Alexander, ch. 45: "procurators, that is, accountants".

(Non dicam crebrae, sed perpetuae) ‹anchor: non dicam crebrae› · lemma note in col 205 Non dicam crebrae, sed perpetuae. Sic et Lactantius Divin. Instit. lib. iii, cap. 22: NON DICAM multorum, SED pecudum et belluarum. Et lib. ii, cap. 4: Qui non furtum, sed palam Deos ludibrio habuisse: omissis solum et etiam.

I will not say frequent, but perpetual. So also Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 3, ch. 22: "I WILL NOT SAY of many, BUT of cattle and beasts." And book 2, ch. 4: "who mocked the Gods not stealthily but openly": solum and etiam being omitted.

(Nec quoque tolerari possunt) ‹anchor: nec quoque tolerari possunt› · lemma note in col 205 Nec quoque tolerari possunt. Nec praecedentia postulant, injuriae non ferendae, etc. In ms. est haeo. Doctissimi viri Almelov. et Baudri adnotaverunt legendum esse nec. — Nec quoque tolerari possunt. Ms. Haec quoque. Pro hac lectione substituitur nec quoque. At quorsum illud? Annon jam in superioribus de indictionibus occasione militum locutus est? Clarum est quid velit, potuisse equidem haec adhuc tolerari, si ejus animus insatiabilis hic substitisset. Mieg. ad illustr. Van-Mastricht, qui Miegii sententiam adprobavit. BUNEMAN.

Nor can they be borne either. The preceding words, "intolerable injuries", etc., call for nec. In the manuscript there is haeo. The most learned Almeloveen and Baudri noted that nec should be read. — Nec quoque tolerari possunt. The manuscript has Haec quoque. For this reading nec quoque is substituted. But to what purpose? Has he not already spoken above of the levies on account of the soldiers? It is clear what he means: that these things could indeed still have been borne, if his insatiable mind had stopped here. Mieg, to the illustrious Van Mastricht, who approved Mieg's opinion. BÜNEMANN.

(Ad exhibendos milites) ‹anchor: ad exhibendos milites› · lemma note in col 205 Ad exhibendos milites. Vel ad suppeditandos ipsos militiae homines ex quolibet pago, ut vulgo fit hodie; vel potius ad militibus praestanda stipendia, ac ministranda alimenta et caetera ad vitam necessaria. Sic Justin. 9, 2: Alimentis exhibere; et 11, 10: Vitam exhibere.

For maintaining soldiers. Either for supplying the very men for service from every district, as is commonly done today; or rather for furnishing pay to the soldiers and supplying food and the other necessities of life. So Justin 9, 2: "to maintain with food"; and 11, 10: "to maintain life".

(Spectant) ‹anchor: spectant› · lemma note in col 205 Spectant. In ms. est expectant.

They look to. In the manuscript there is expectant.

(Metu) ‹anchor: metu› · lemma note in col 205 Metu. Heuman. legit tum, recte.

From fear. Heumann reads tum, rightly.

(Lex necessitate ipsa) ‹anchor: lex necessitate ipsa› · lemma note in col 205 Lex necessitate ipsa. Baluz. Quoniam leges ea intentione latae sunt, ut proficiant, non ut noceant, ut ad Avitum Viennensem Episcopum scribit Papa Symmachus.

The law, by necessity itself. Baluze: "Since laws are passed with this intention, that they may profit, not that they may harm", as Pope Symmachus writes to Avitus, bishop of Vienne.

(printed under page 102) (Hic) ‹anchor: hic› · lemma note in col 205 Hic. Distributive sumitur pro alibi.

Here. It is taken distributively, for "elsewhere".

(Moneta) ‹anchor: moneta› · lemma note in col 205 Moneta. Hic sumitur pro aedificio, in quo nummi cuduntur.

Mint. Here taken for the building in which coins are struck.

(Magna pars civitatis exceditur) ‹anchor: magna pars civitatis exceditur› · lemma note in cols 205–206 Magna pars civitatis exceditur. Scilicet Nicomediae, ubi habitabat Diocletianus, et quam studebat urbi Romae coaequare, ut statim dicet Lactantius. Huic locutioni similiter dicimus Gallice, toute la ville est sortie, tout Paris est sorti, etc. Exceditur, vel disceditur, id est, tam vastorum aedificiorum constructione coguntur cedere loco quamplurimi cives, et ex urbe migrare, alias sedes extra quaesituri. Exceditur autem hic dicit Lactantius, ut acceditur infra initio capitis 47. Itaque admitti potest vulgata lectio. Heuman. loco exceditur, legit exciditur. Quasi dicas, veteres domus destruuntur, ut locus aperiatur novis aedificandis palatiis.

A great part of the city is departed from. That is, of Nicomedia, where Diocletian lived, and which he was eager to make equal to the city of Rome, as Lactantius will say presently. Like this expression we say in French, "the whole town has gone out, all Paris has gone out", etc. Exceditur, or disceditur, that is: by the building of such huge edifices very many citizens are forced to give up their place and move out of the city, to seek other homes outside. Lactantius says exceditur here as he says acceditur below at the beginning of ch. 47. So the common reading can be admitted. Heumann, in place of exceditur, reads exciditur ("is cut down"), as if you said: the old houses are destroyed, so that room may be opened for building new palaces.

(Aiebat) ‹anchor: aiebat› · lemma note in col 206 Aiebat. Ms., agebat, sed male.

He used to say. The manuscript has agebat, but wrongly.

(Ita semper dementabat) ‹anchor: ita semper dementabat› · lemma note in col 206 Ita semper dementabat. Ita ms. codex; non dementabatur, nec demutabat, ut nonnullis doctis viris visum est. Adeo stulte impendiosus erat. BAULDRI. Gallicus interpres Maucroix: Ainsi sa manie (des bâtiments) n'avait point de bornes. Dementabat, id est, insaniebat.

So he was always raving. So the manuscript codex; not dementabatur, nor demutabat, as seemed right to some learned men. So foolishly lavish was he. BAUDRI. The French translator Maucroix: "Thus his mania (for buildings) had no bounds." Dementabat, that is, he was mad.

(Coaequare) ‹anchor: coaequare› · lemma note in col 206 Coaequare. Ms. Quo equare; male.

To make equal. The manuscript has Quo equare; wrongly.

(Fere licitum consuetudine) ‹anchor: fere licitum consuetudine› · lemma note in col 206 Fere licitum consuetudine. Comoedia Queroli: Nam facile intelligo perjurium joculare; quid putas? Tamen transeamus, quod, ut video, consuetudo jam fecit leve. S. Ambrosius, epist. 66: Numquid ideo licet, quia non est prohibitum?

Made almost lawful by custom. The comedy Querolus: "For I easily understand a joking perjury; what do you think? Yet let us pass over what, as I see, custom has now made light." St Ambrose, letter 66: "Is it lawful, then, because it is not forbidden?"

(Quid frater ejus Maximianus?) ‹anchor: quid frater ejus Maximianus› · lemma note in col 206 Quid frater ejus Maximianus? Non natura, sed Imperatoria dignitate frater ejus, scilicet Diocletiani, de quo capite praecedenti egimus. Gallice, son associé à l'empire.

What of his brother Maximian? His brother not by nature but by imperial dignity, that is, Diocletian's, of whom we treated in the preceding chapter. In French, "his partner in the empire".

(Qui est dictus Herculius) ‹anchor: qui est dictus Herculius› · lemma note in col 206 Qui est dictus Herculius. Ms. Que dictus Irculius. In hoc codice ms. saepe omnes litterae h omittuntur.

Who was called Herculius. The manuscript has Que dictus Irculius. In this manuscript codex all the letters h are often omitted.

(Fideli cohaerere) ‹anchor: fideli cohaerere› · lemma note in col 206 Fideli cohaerere. Ms. Fidele quo crere; mendose.

To hold together in faithful [friendship]. The manuscript has Fidele quo crere; wrongly.

(Mens una) ‹anchor: mens una› · lemma note in col 206 Mens una. Ms. Mensura. Sed littera n additur supra r, eadem tamen manu, ac eodem atramento.

One mind. The manuscript has Mensura. But the letter n is added above the r, though by the same hand and in the same ink.

(Avaritia minori altero fuit plus, majori vero minus; sed plus timiditatis, etc.) ‹anchor: avaritia minori altero› · lemma note in col 206 Avaritia minori altero fuit plus, majori vero minus; sed plus timiditatis, etc. Hic dicere videtur Lactantius, Herculium avariorem Diocletiano fuisse. Locus videtur corruptus. Nonnulli extrudere volunt vocabula majori et minori, ut ex margine in textum intrusa, et legere avaritiae. Simillimus verborum positu et figura locus, lib. iv, div. Institut., cap. 3 invenitur; ex quo constare possit, haec quoque vere, Lactantii esse: In illa priori parte ut periculi minus, sic plus difficultatis est, quod obscura rerum ratio cogit diversa sentire. Hic ut periculi plus, ita minus est difficultatis; quod ipse usus rerum et quotidiana experimenta possunt docere, quid sit verius et melius. Partim ex COLUMBO. Doctissimus Almelov. expungebat altero; et post timiditatis, legebat, alteri vero plus animi.

In the one, the lesser, there was more avarice, in the greater less; but more timidity, etc. Here Lactantius seems to say that Herculius was more avaricious than Diocletian. The passage seems corrupt. Some would thrust out the words majori and minori, as intruded from the margin into the text, and read avaritiae. A passage very like it in the placing and figure of the words is found in Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 3; from which it may be established that these words too are truly Lactantius's: "In that former part, as there is less danger, so there is more difficulty, because the obscure nature of things compels men to differing views. Here, as there is more danger, so there is less difficulty; because experience of things itself and daily trials can teach what is truer and better." Partly from COLOMB.

(Ipsam) ‹anchor: ipsam› · lemma note in col 206 Ipsam. Ms. Ipsa; sed male.

The very [seat]. The manuscript has Ipsa; but wrongly.

(printed under page 102)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (end of ch. VIII, ch. IX). --> (Vel Africa, vel Hispania) ‹anchor: vel Africa, vel Hispania› · lemma note in col 207 Vel Africa, vel Hispania. Ita ms. codex. Aut vel est hic pro et; aut ex margine in textum haec fuerunt intrusa.

Either Africa or Spain. So the manuscript codex. Either vel stands here for et, or these words were intruded into the text from the margin.

(printed under page 103) (Et) ‹anchor: et› · lemma note in col 207 Et. Heumannus legi vult At.

And. Heumann wants At to be read.

(Indiciis) ‹anchor: indiciis› · lemma note in col 207 Indiciis. Id est, indicibus, vel delatoribus.

By informations. That is, by informers, or accusers.

(Ita ut effoderentur assidue lumina Senatus) ‹anchor: ita ut effoderentur assidue› · lemma note in col 207 Ita ut effoderentur assidue lumina Senatus. Lactantius, lib. vii, Div. Institut., cap. 26, de Roma. Precandusque nobis et adorandus est Deus coeli, si tamen statuta ejus et placita differri possunt, ne citius quam putemus tyrannus ille abominandus veniat, qui tantum facinus moliatur, ac lumen illud effodiat, cujus interitu mundus ipse lapsurus est; et lib. v, cap. 12: effodiantur oculi. Et infra, cap. 36: Itaque confessoribus effodiebantur oculi. Et de Opif., cap. 8.

So that the lights of the Senate were constantly being put out. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 26 [as printed], of Rome: "And the God of heaven is to be prayed to and adored by us, if indeed his decrees and resolves can be put off, that sooner than we think that abominable tyrant may not come, to undertake so great a crime and put out that light at whose destruction the world itself will fall"; and book 5, ch. 12: "let the eyes be dug out." And below, ch. 36: "so the confessors' eyes were dug out." And On the Workmanship [of God], ch. 8.

(Pestifero) ‹anchor: pestifero› · lemma note in col 207 Pestifero. Ms. Pestiphero. Nonnulli legere mallent pestifera, referendo ad vocem libido.

Pestilent. The manuscript has Pestiphero. Some would prefer to read pestifera, referring it to the word libido.

(Ad corrumpendos mares) ‹anchor: ad corrumpendos mares› · lemma note in col 207 Ad corrumpendos mares. Et hoc etiam tradit Victor: Quippe Herculius libidine tanta agebatur, ut ne ab obsidum corporibus quidem animi labem comprimeret. Quod observavit erud. Cuperus. Postea quis non videat mares legendum esse, non mores, ut in Manuscripto, cum libido non mores hominum spectet, sed corporis usum. Adde antithesim, violationem filiarum. Adde quod dicit odiosum ac detestabile esse. ALMELOV. Et licet (inquit Burnetus) gradatio videatur minus congrua a crimine Sodomiae ad raptus virginum, apud Romanos tamen hoc crimen illo majus habebatur; forte quia in raptu filiabus vis inferebatur, maribus minime, qui prece, vel pretio, aliisque lenociniis fuerant allecti et conciliati.

To corrupt males. Victor also relates this: "For Herculius was driven by such lust that he did not restrain the foulness of his mind even from the bodies of hostages." The learned Cuper observed this. Moreover, who would not see that mares ("males") should be read, not mores ("morals"), as in the manuscript, since lust has regard not to men's morals but to the use of the body? Add the antithesis, the violation of daughters. Add that he says it is hateful and detestable. ALMELOVEEN.

(Odiosum) ‹anchor: odiosum› · lemma note in col 207 Odiosum. Ms. Otiosum; male.

Hateful. The manuscript has Otiosum; wrongly.

(Violandas) ‹anchor: violandas› · lemma note in col 207 Violandas. Ms., Volandus; mendose.

To be violated. The manuscript has Volandus; wrongly.

(Quacumque) ‹anchor: quacumque› · lemma note in col 207 Quacumque. Ms., Quecumque te.

Wherever. The manuscript has Quecumque te.

(Constantium) ‹anchor: Constantium› · lemma note in col 207 Constantium. Chlorum scilicet, Constantini Magni patrem, principem optimum ac benignissimum.

Constantius. Chlorus, namely, father of Constantine the Great, a most excellent and most kindly prince.

(Quoniam) ‹anchor: quoniam› · lemma note in col 207 Quoniam. Ms., Qm. Elegantior, porro esset locutio, si diceretur quam dissimilis, etc. per admirationem.

Since. The manuscript has Qm. The expression would, moreover, be more elegant if one said quam dissimilis ("how unlike"), etc., as an exclamation.

(Alter vero Maximianus) ‹anchor: alter vero Maximianus› · lemma note in col 207 Alter vero Maximianus. Cui praenomen Galerio fuit, cognomen Armentario, quoniam armentorum fuerat pastor. Gener fuit Diocletiani, quia Valeriam filiam habuit uxorem, mulierem castissimam et infelicissimam. Sed de ea postea pluribus agemus. BALUZ.

But the other Maximian. Whose first name was Galerius, his surname Armentarius, because he had been a herdsman of cattle. He was Diocletian's son-in-law, because he had his daughter Valeria to wife, a most chaste and most unhappy woman. But of her we shall treat more fully later. BALUZE.

(Generum) ‹anchor: generum› · lemma note in col 207 Generum. Vide Eutropium, lib. 9.

Son-in-law. See Eutropius, book 9.

(Bestiae) ‹anchor: bestiae› · lemma note in cols 207–208 BESTIAE. Sic vocat Galerium Maximianum, aliosque Christianorum persecutores. Huic Galerio aptari posse putant ea, quae scribit Lactantius Div. Instit., lib. v, cap. xi: Nam quis Caucasus, quae India, quae Hyrcania tam immanes, tam sanguinarias, unquam BESTIAS aluit? Quoniam ferarum omnium rabies usque ad ventris satietatem fuerit, fameque sedata protinus conquiescit. Illa est vera BESTIA, cujus una jussione funditur ater ubique cruor, crudelis ubique luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago. Nemo hujus tantae belluae immanitatem potest pro merito describere, quae uno loco recubans, tamen per totum orbem dentibus ferreis saevit; et non tantum artus hominum dissipat, sed et ossa ipsa comminuit, et in cineres furit, ne quis extet sepulturae locus. BALUZ. — Ibid., c. 24, BESTIAS malas exterminaturum de terra.

BEASTS. So he calls Galerius Maximianus and the other persecutors of the Christians. They think that what Lactantius writes in Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 11 can be fitted to this Galerius: "For what Caucasus, what India, what Hyrcania ever bred BEASTS so savage, so bloodthirsty? For the rage of all wild beasts lasts only until the belly is full, and once hunger is appeased it at once grows quiet. That is the true BEAST, at whose single command black gore is poured out everywhere, everywhere cruel grief, everywhere terror, and very many an image of death. No one can describe as it deserves the savagery of so great a brute, which, lying in one place, yet rages with iron teeth through the whole world; and not only scatters men's limbs but grinds the very bones and rages against their ashes, that no place of burial may remain." BALUZE. — Ibid., ch. 24: "that he will destroy the evil BEASTS from the earth".

(Naturalis barbaries) ‹anchor: naturalis barbaries› · lemma note in col 208 Naturalis barbaries. Heumannus legit natalis, non male. — Naturalis. Sic Jul. Capitol. in Maximinis cap. 20: Senatus Maximini et naturalem et necessariam crudelitatem timens. Vim τοῦ naturalis Casaubonus ad Pers. Sat. 2, pag. 225, illustrat. BUN.

A natural barbarity. Heumann reads natalis ("inborn"), not badly. — Naturalis. So Julius Capitolinus in the Maximini, ch. 20: "the Senate, fearing Maximinus's cruelty, both natural and necessary." Casaubon, on Persius Satire 2, p. 225, illustrates the force of the [word] naturalis. BÜNEMANN.

(Et feritas) ‹anchor: et feritas› · lemma note in col 208 Et feritas. Ms., Efferitas.

And savagery. The manuscript has Efferitas.

(Cum mater ejus... confugerat) ‹anchor: cum mater ejus... confugerat› · lemma note in col 208 Cum mater ejus... confugerat. Hic cum est pro quoniam. Simili pacto, cap. 17 ait: Cum libertatem populi Romani ferre non poterat, prorupit; et cap. 18: Cum inde... sibi nihil praeter nomen videbat accedere, respondit, Terentii exemplo, qui scribit: Cumque hic veritus est optumae adolescenti facere injuriam; non veritus sit. Ex Paulo BAULDRI.

When his mother... had fled. Here cum stands for quoniam ("since"). In like manner he says in ch. 17: "since he could not bear the liberty of the Roman people, he broke out"; and ch. 18: "since he saw that nothing but the name came to him from it, he replied", after the example of Terence, who writes: "And since he feared to do the excellent young woman a wrong", not veritus sit. From Paul BAUDRI.

(Transdanuviana) ‹anchor: transdanuviana› · lemma note in col 208 Transdanuviana. Ita ms. v, pro b, apud veteres Latinos, et apud recentiores Graecos.

From beyond the Danube. So the manuscript: v for b, among the old Latins and among the later Greeks.

(Transjecto) ‹anchor: transjecto› · lemma note in col 208 Transjecto. Ms. Trajecto.

Having crossed. The manuscript has Trajecto.

(Status celsus) ‹anchor: status celsus› · lemma note in col 208 Status celsus. Sic profecto scribi syntaxis et sequentia postulant: caro ingens, etc. status celsus. Si enim legas statu celsus, ut in ms. ad quid refertur celsus? ad corpus neutrius generis? Sed pariter legimus apud Lactantium lib. ii, Divin. Instit., cap. 1, status celsus; et lib. iii, cap. 1 status rectus, ac lib. 9 et alibi. Quibus in locis status est, pro statura. Cicero, In Orat.. cap. 18, status erectus et celsus.

A lofty stature. The syntax and what follows certainly require it to be written so: "huge flesh", etc., "a lofty stature". For if you read statu celsus, as in the manuscript, to what does celsus refer? To corpus, of the neuter gender? But likewise we read in Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 2, ch. 1, status celsus; and book 3, ch. 1, status rectus, and book 9 [as printed] and elsewhere. In which places status stands for statura. Cicero, Orator ch. 18: "an erect and lofty bearing".

(Metuebat acerrime) ‹anchor: metuebat acerrime› · lemma note in col 208 Metuebat acerrime. Ex Virgilio lib. i Aeneid., v. 366, Aut metus acer erat.

He feared most keenly. From Virgil, Aeneid 1, v. 366: "or fear was keen".

(Concitatus... exemplis) ‹anchor: concitatus... exemplis› · lemma note in col 208 Concitatus... exemplis. En Lactantium, lib. vi, cap. 23: Exemplo ipso concitata. BUN.

Roused... by the examples. Here is Lactantius, book 6, ch. 23: "roused by the very example". BÜNEMANN.

(Animique disjectus) ‹anchor: animique disjectus› · lemma note in col 208 Animique disjectus. Ita in manuscripto; non dejectus, quod melius. In hoc ms. saepe videas in verbis compositis dis et di, pro de. ALMELOV. — Columbus, et Tollius legebant dejectus.

And broken in spirit. So in the manuscript; not dejectus, which is better. In this manuscript you may often see dis and di for de in compound words. ALMELOVEEN. — Colomb and Tollius read dejectus.

(Exemplum Valeriani) ‹anchor: exemplum Valeriani› · lemma note in col 208 Exemplum Valeriani. A Persis capti, et in servitutem abducti.

The example of Valerian. Taken by the Persians, and led away into slavery.

(Insidiis suis) ‹anchor: insidiis suis› · lemma note in col 208 Insidiis suis. Tollius vult rescribi Insidiis usus.

By his ambushes. Tollius wants Insidiis usus ("using ambushes") written instead.

(Impeditos) ‹anchor: impeditos› · lemma note in col 208 Impeditos. Ms. Imperitos, et sartinos occupatos; corrupte.

Hampered. The manuscript has Imperitos, and sartinos occupatos; corruptly.

(Difficiliter) ‹anchor: difficiliter› · lemma note in col 208 Difficiliter. Rara vox; legitur tamen in Cicerone lib. iv Academic.

With difficulty. A rare word; it is read, however, in Cicero, Academics book 4.

(printed under page 103)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text. --> (Elevatus est) ‹anchor: elevatus est› · lemma note in col 209 Elevatus est. Heumannus existimat Lactantium scripsisse elatus est.

He was lifted up. Heumann thinks Lactantius wrote elatus est.

(Detrectaret) ‹anchor: detrectaret› · lemma note in col 209 Detrectaret. Ita hic ms. codex; alibi detractaret.

Should refuse. So the manuscript codex here; elsewhere detractaret.

(In litteris ad se datis audisset) ‹anchor: in litteris ad se datis audisset› · lemma note in col 209 In litteris ad se datis audisset. Audisset Diocletianus ex litteris Galerii. CELL. — Imo Galerius audisset, sive vidisset. BUN.

Had heard in a letter sent to him. Diocletian had heard it from Galerius's letter. CELLARIUS. — Rather, Galerius had heard, or seen, it. BÜNEMANN.

(Quousque Caesar?) ‹anchor: quousque Caesar› · lemma note in col 209 Quousque Caesar? Ambiebat enim Galerius vocari et esse Imperator et Augustus, id est primum habere locum; Caesar enim non erat, nisi secundo loco.

How long Caesar? For Galerius was canvassing to be called and to be Emperor and Augustus, that is, to hold the first place; for a Caesar stood only in the second place.

(Ut ex Marte se procreatum) ‹anchor: ut ex Marte se procreatum› · lemma note in col 209 Ut ex Marte se procreatum. Imitatus Diocletianum, qui se Jovium; et alterum Maximianum, qui Herculium, quasi a diis progenitoribus, appellaverunt. De Galerio Epit. Victoris, cap. 57: Is insolenter affirmare ausus est, matrem more Olympiadis, Alexandri Magni creatricis, compressam dracone, semel concepisse. CELL.

That he had been begotten by Mars. Imitating Diocletian, who called himself Jovius, and the other Maximian, who called himself Herculius, as if from gods as ancestors. Of Galerius, Victor's Epitome, ch. 57: "He insolently dared to assert that his mother, after the manner of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, had conceived him once, having been lain with by a serpent." CELLARIUS.

(Romulam) ‹anchor: Romulam› · lemma note in col 209 Romulam. Haec erat Galerii mater, a qua Romulianum oppidum fuit appellatum.

Romula. This was Galerius's mother, after whom the town of Romulianum was named.

(Postea enim quam) ‹anchor: postea enim quam› · lemma note in col 209 Postea enim quam. Sic cap. 5: Postea vero quam. Lib. iv Inst., c. 15. Postea vero animadversa sunt, quam. BUN.

For after. So ch. 5: "but after". Inst. book 4, ch. 15: "but they were noticed after". BÜNEMANN.

(Exuto socero) ‹anchor: exuto socero› · lemma note in col 209 Exuto socero. Id est, postquam Diocletianus purpura exuta se Imperio abdicavit, et Galerius Imperator factus est. Eadem est loquendi ratio apud nos Gallos; dicimus enim vulgo: Cet homme s'est dépouillé pour son fils. Sic et infra cap. 10. Vel potius exuto socero, id est, postquam Galerius Diocletianum coegit imperio cedere, ut infra c. 18. initio, quod est rectius.

His father-in-law having been stripped. That is, after Diocletian, having put off the purple, abdicated the Empire and Galerius was made Emperor. We Frenchmen have the same way of speaking; for we commonly say, "This man has stripped himself for his son." So also below, ch. 10. Or rather, exuto socero means: after Galerius forced Diocletian to yield the empire, as below at the beginning of ch. 18; which is more correct.

(printed under page 104) (Sic) ‹anchor: sic› · lemma note in col 209 Sic. Hanc particulam supplevimus cum Cupero, sine qua manca est oratio. Ita cap. 19 infra: Huic purpuram Diocletianus injecit suam, qua se exuit; Diocles iterum factus est.

Thus. We have supplied this particle with Cuper; without it the sentence is defective. So ch. 19 below: "Diocletian threw over him his own purple, of which he stripped himself; he became Diocles again."

(Persequendi) ‹anchor: persequendi› · lemma note in col 209 Persequendi. Adde eos, id est justos, quod nomen mox praecessit.

Of persecuting. Add eos, that is, "the just", the noun that came just before.

(Quum ageret) ‹anchor: quum ageret› · lemma note in col 209 Quum ageret. Amat hanc locutionem hoc sensu Lact. lib. iv, cap. 27. ubi eadem res, et lib. iv, cap. 23. BUN.

When he was staying. Lactantius likes this expression in this sense, book 4, ch. 27, where the same event is told, and book 4, ch. 23. BÜNEMANN.

(Pro timore) ‹anchor: pro timore› · lemma note in col 209 Pro timore. Emenda prae timore, id est, prae timiditate.

For fear. Correct to prae timore, that is, through timidity.

(Quidam ministrorum, etc....) ‹anchor: quidam ministrorum› · lemma note in cols 209–210 Quidam ministrorum, etc.... Et hic quoque locus aperte ostendit librum istum esse Lactantii. Similia enim omnino ipse habet in libro iv Institut. Divin. cap. 27: Nam cum diis suis immolant, si adsistat aliquis signatam frontem gerens, sacra nullo modo litant, nec responsa potest consultus reddere vates. Et haec saepe causa praecipua justitiam persequendi malis Regibus fuit. Cum enim quidam ministrorum nostri sacrificantibus dominis adsisterent, imposito frontibus signo, deos illorum fugaverunt, ne possent in visceribus hostiarum futura depingere. Quod cum intelligerent aruspices, instigantibus iisdem daemonibus quibus prosecant, conquerentes prophanos homines sacris interesse, egerunt Principes suos in furorem, ut expugnarent Dei templum. Baluz

Certain of the attendants, etc.... This passage too plainly shows that this book is Lactantius's. For he himself has altogether similar things in Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 27: "For when they sacrifice to their gods, if someone stands by bearing a signed forehead, the rites in no way succeed, nor can the consulted seer give answers. And this was often the chief cause for evil Kings of persecuting justice. For when certain of their attendants who were ours stood by their masters as they sacrificed, by the sign placed on their foreheads they put their gods to flight, so that they could not trace the future in the victims' entrails. When the haruspices understood this, at the instigation of the same demons to whom they offer the entrails, complaining that profane men were present at the rites, they drove their Princes to fury, so that they should storm the temple of God." Baluze.

(Scientes Dominum) ‹anchor: scientes Dominum› · lemma note in col 210 Scientes Dominum. Ita Lactantius, lib. vii Div. Inst. cap. 20: Judicabuntur ergo qui Deum scierunt; scilicet Christiani. — Scientes Dominum. Lib. iii, cap. 29: Qui Deum sciunt; ut lib. vii Inst., c. 20: Qui Dominum scierunt, id est, Fideles. BUN.

Knowing the Lord. So Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 20: "Those therefore who have known God will be judged", namely the Christians. — Scientes Dominum. Book 3, ch. 29: "who know God"; as Inst. book 7, ch. 20: "who have known the Lord", that is, the Faithful. BÜNEMANN.

(Immortale signum) ‹anchor: immortale signum› · lemma note in col 210 Immortale signum. Lactantius Div. Institut. lib. iv cap. 27, quos signum immortale munierit tanquam inexpugnabilis murus, etc. Ubi miraculum fugatorum daemonum signo Crucis iisdem fere verbis refertur a Lactantio. De hujus signi potentia S. Cyrillus Jerosolymitanus episcopus Catech. 13: Trophaeum Jesu salutare, Crux... curat morbos, daemones fugat, etc. Eadem Catech. 13. Cum a Deo sit haec gratia Signum fidelium, et timor daemonum; et Catech. 4. Crucem... tu palam ad frontem obsignato, ut daemones regium Signum intuentes, tremuli procul aufugiant. Signo autem isto utere tum edens ac bibens, tum sedens ac cubans, de lecto surgens, loquens, ambulans; et ut semel dicam, in omni re omnique negotio. S. Ignatius Martyr: Crucis Signum trophaeum est contra principis mundi virtutem, quod videns expavescit, et audiens timet. Vide S. August. Enarrat. 4 in Psal. XXX, et in Psal. L. n. 1: Quod si forte Christiani in ipso circo aliqua ex causa expavescant, continuo se signant, et stant illic portantes in fronte, unde abscederent, si hoc in corde portarent. Et de Civitate Dei, lib. xxii, n. 3. Quin et Theodoretus ait lib. 3 Hist. Eccles., cap. 3: Cum isti vero daemones solita specie apparuissent, coegit Julianum timor imponere fronti Crucis Signum. De Signo Crucis, ejusque vi et efficacia vide praeterea Origenem, Tertullianum, Basilium, Athanasium de Incarnatione Verbi Dei, tom. i, pag. 73, Gregor. Nazianz. carm. 61, tom. ii, pag. 142, et Orat. 3 adversus Julianum, p. 203; Ambrosium, Paulinum, aliosque SS. Patres. — Imposuerunt frontibus suis immortale signum. Vid. quae notavi ad Lact. lib. iv, c. 26. Nurrius ad haec verba Caecilii p. 183. locum Lactantii plane pervertit. — Ut ait, aut verius sicut somniat Bunemannus. Miror quantum hoc loco exagitentur Acatholici: hi enim nil non movent ut eliminent vim hujus Lactantiani testimonii, quod multum facit in gratiam Orthodoxorum rituum Ecclesiae catholicae. Istud enim immortale signum ad Christum solum refert Bunemannus. Sed legat ipse locum; legat attente et videbit non tantum a Christo per impositum frontibus Christianorum signum fugatos esse daemones; verum etiam ministros Diocletiani, qui fortasse cum sacrificiis assisterent, tunc ab iis fugabantur daemones, statim atque imponebant ipsi frontibus suis immortale signum, id est, signum Crucis, sicuti eo tempore usus erat in veteri Ecclesia. Vide quae annotavimus ad hoc caput de Mort. Persecut. et ad caput 27, libri iv Divin. Instit.

The immortal sign. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 27: "whom the immortal sign has fortified like an impregnable wall", etc. There the miracle of the demons put to flight by the sign of the Cross is related by Lactantius in almost the same words. On the power of this sign St Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem, Catechesis 13: "The saving trophy of Jesus, the Cross... cures diseases, puts demons to flight", etc. The same, Catechesis 13: "since this grace is from God, the Sign of the faithful and the terror of demons"; and Catechesis 4: "Seal the Cross... openly on your forehead, so that the demons, beholding the royal Sign, may flee far away trembling. Use this sign when eating and drinking, sitting and lying down, rising from bed, speaking, walking; and, in a word, in every thing and every business." St Ignatius the Martyr: "The Sign of the Cross is a trophy against the power of the prince of this world; seeing it he is terrified, and hearing it he fears." See St Augustine, Enarration 4 on Psalm 30, and on Psalm 50, no. 1: "But if by chance Christians in the circus itself take fright for some reason, they at once sign themselves, and stand there carrying on their forehead what would make them leave, if they carried it in their heart." And City of God book 22, no. 3. Indeed Theodoret also says, Church History book 3, ch. 3: "When those demons had appeared in their customary form, fear compelled Julian to put the Sign of the Cross on his forehead." On the Sign of the Cross and its force and efficacy see besides Origen, Tertullian, Basil, Athanasius On the Incarnation of the Word of God, vol. 1, p. 73, Gregory of Nazianzus, poem 61, vol. 2, p. 142, and Oration 3 against Julian, p. 203; Ambrose, Paulinus, and other holy Fathers. — "They placed the immortal sign on their foreheads." See what I noted on Lactantius book 4, ch. 26. Le Nourry, on these words of Caecilius, p. 183, utterly perverts the passage of Lactantius. — So he says, or more truly so Bünemann dreams. I wonder how much the non-Catholics are stirred up over this passage: for they leave no stone unturned to remove the force of this testimony of Lactantius, which tells greatly in favour of the Orthodox rites of the Catholic Church. For Bünemann refers this immortal sign to Christ alone. But let him read the passage himself; let him read it attentively, and he will see that the demons were put to flight not only by Christ, through the sign placed on the foreheads of Christians, but that also Diocletian's attendants, who perhaps were standing by at the sacrifices, then put the demons to flight from them as soon as they placed on their own foreheads the immortal sign, that is, the sign of the Cross, as was the custom at that time in the ancient Church. See what we have noted on this chapter of On the Deaths of the Persecutors and on ch. 27 of Div. Inst. book 4.

(printed under page 104)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (end of ch. X, ch. XI). --> (Tagis) ‹anchor: Tagis› · lemma note in col 211 Tagis. Aliis est Tages, etis. Hic Thuscus erat, et omnium Aruspicum primus: Vide Arnobium, lib. ii adversus gentes, Tagis porro aut id nomen erat dignitatis ejus, qui praeerat Aruspicum disciplinae, aut, ut ait Baluzius noster, auctor oratorio more loquitur, quia Tages Thuscus fuit olim magnus Aruspex et magister Aruspicum, de quo praeter Arnobium vide Ciceronem, lib. ii de Divinat. vel etiam, ut putat Heumannus, vox Tagis ex Margine translata fuit in textum.

Of Tages. In others it is Tages, Tagetis. He was a Tuscan, and the first of all the Haruspices: see Arnobius, Against the Nations book 2. Tagis, moreover, either was the title of the dignity of him who presided over the discipline of the Haruspices, or, as our Baluze says, the author speaks in the manner of an orator, because Tages the Tuscan was of old a great Haruspex and master of the Haruspices, on whom, besides Arnobius, see Cicero, On Divination book 2; or else, as Heumann thinks, the word Tagis was carried over from the margin into the text.

(Profani homines) ‹anchor: profani homines› · lemma note in col 211 Profani homines. Christiani, qui a Gentilibus prophani, impii, et irreligiosi vocabantur.

Profane men. The Christians, who were called profane, impious and irreligious by the Gentiles.

(Ira furoris sacrificare non eos tantum......... jussit) ‹anchor: ira furoris sacrificare› · lemma note in col 211 Ira furoris sacrificare non eos tantum......... jussit. Optima ms. codicis lectio: quam ob causam immutata fuerit in editis, etiamque priscis codicibus, ne scio. Quid enim clarius hac elocutione, et mox? Hactenus furor ejus et ira processit. In aliis editis extat ira furens; sed ms. sequor. Nourrisius in margine inferiori suae editionis habet, ira furori. Sed ira furoris habet ms. quasi dicas ira furoris plena: sic apud Plautum aetatis plenus, et apud Livium animi plenus. Et porro dicimus, ut non immutetur textus.

In the wrath of his fury he ordered not only them to sacrifice......... An excellent reading of the manuscript codex: why it was changed in the printed editions, and even in old codices, I do not know. For what is clearer than this expression, and the one soon after: "So far his fury and wrath proceeded"? In other printed editions ira furens stands; but I follow the manuscript. Le Nourry, in the lower margin of his edition, has ira furori. But the manuscript has ira furoris, as if you said "wrath full of fury": so in Plautus "full of age", and in Livy "full of spirit". And moreover we say so, that the text may not be changed.

(Si detrectassent) ‹anchor: si detrectassent› · lemma note in col 211 Si detrectassent. Heumann. recte monet legendum esse qui detrectassent.

If they refused. Heumann rightly advises that qui detrectassent should be read.

(Praepositos) ‹anchor: praepositos› · lemma note in col 211 Praepositos. Hi fuerunt militares Praefecti, qui erant post tribunos, et tamen praeerant cohorti perinde ac tribuni, ut observat Henricus Valesius ad Ammianum Marcellinum. Lactantius cap. 46, praepositos tribunosque etiam simul commemorat. Ex eorum numero fuit S. Dorotheus ille, cujus encomium enarrat Euseb. lib. viii Eccl. Hist., c. 1.

Officers. These were military Prefects, who came after the tribunes, and yet commanded a cohort just as the tribunes did, as Henri de Valois observes on Ammianus Marcellinus. Lactantius, ch. 46, also mentions officers and tribunes together. Of their number was that St Dorotheus whose praise Eusebius sets out, Church History book 8, ch. 1.

(Milites cogi, etc.) ‹anchor: milites cogi› · lemma note in col 211 Milites cogi, etc. Ab iis hanc persecutionem exortam praeter Lactantium adnotat Eusebius lib. viii, c. 1, neque tum ulterius processisse.

The soldiers to be compelled, etc. That this persecution arose with them is noted, besides Lactantius, by Eusebius, book 8, ch. 1, and that it did not then go further.

(Hactenus) ‹anchor: hactenus› · lemma note in col 211 Hactenus. Ms. habet ac tenus: sed mendose.

So far. The manuscript has ac tenus; but wrongly.

(Interjecto tempore) ‹anchor: interjecto tempore› · lemma note in col 211 Interjecto tempore. Ms., Interdicto; mendose.

After an interval. The manuscript has Interdicto; wrongly.

(Bithyniam) ‹anchor: Bithyniam› · lemma note in col 211 Bithyniam. Ms. Bethaniam; corrupte.

Bithynia. The manuscript has Bethaniam; corruptly.

(Maximianus Caesar) ‹anchor: Maximianus Caesar› · lemma note in col 211 Maximianus Caesar. Scilicet Galerius.

Maximian Caesar. That is, Galerius.

(Inflammatus scelere advenit) ‹anchor: inflammatus scelere advenit› · lemma note in col 211 Inflammatus scelere advenit. Ita Cicero 5 Accus. in Verrem Ipse inflammatus scelere ac furore in forum venit. Sic Lactant. lib. vii Institut. cap. 1: Inflammati amore potentiae; et cap. 17. Impius Rex inflammatus.

He came inflamed with wickedness. So Cicero, Against Verres, Accusation 5: "He himself, inflamed with wickedness and fury, came into the forum." So Lactantius, Inst. book 7, ch. 1: "inflamed with the love of power"; and ch. 17: "the impious King, inflamed".

(Senem vanum) ‹anchor: senem vanum› · lemma note in col 211 Senem vanum. Diocletianum intelligit.

The foolish old man. He means Diocletian.

(Mater ejus) ‹anchor: mater ejus› · lemma note in cols 211–212 Mater ejus. Scilicet Galerii Maximiani, quam Romulam supra vocavit.

His mother. That is, Galerius Maximianus's, whom he called Romula above.

(Mulier admodum superstitiosa. Quae cum esset, etc.) ‹anchor: mulier admodum superstitiosa› · lemma note in col 212 Mulier admodum superstitiosa. Quae cum esset, etc. Locus contaminatus, aut confusus. An legendum inversione verborum: Quae cum esset mulier superstitiosa, aut cum Tollio, quae cum esset Nicomediae, vel cum Columbo sic intelligendum: Quae cum esset, id est, cum ederet, aut coenaret?

A very superstitious woman. And since she was, etc. A spoiled or confused passage. Should it be read, with the words inverted, "and since she was a superstitious woman"; or, with Tollius, "and since she was at Nicomedia"; or, with Colomb, understood thus: quae cum esset, that is, "when she was eating, or dining"?

(Vicariis suis epulis exhibebat) ‹anchor: vicariis suis epulis exhibebat› · lemma note in col 212 Vicariis suis epulis exhibebat. Almelov. et Gall. forte epulas. Hic aliquod mendum subesse suspicor. Nonnulli volunt vicanos epulis exhibebat; vicanos, id est, inquiunt, ejusdem loci habitatores. Alii, vicarios suis epulis exhibebat. Et quidem proba esset lectio; legitur enim apud Justinum ix. 2. Non patrimoniis ditet Scythas, sed vix alimentis exhibeat. Exhibere, est alere. Vicariis, id est, ministris aulicis, vel domesticis.

She provided feasts for her deputies. Almeloveen and the French [translator]: perhaps epulas. I suspect some error lies here. Some want "she provided the villagers with feasts"; vicanos, that is, they say, the inhabitants of the same place. Others, "she provided her deputies with her feasts." And indeed that would be a sound reading; for in Justin 9, 2 is read: "that he does not enrich the Scythians with patrimonies, but hardly supports them with food." Exhibere is to feed. Vicariis, that is, court servants, or household servants.

(Ad tollendos) ‹anchor: ad tollendos› · lemma note in col 212 Ad tollendos. Scilicet e medio, seu occidendos. Ita vulgata nostra Joan. cap. xix, v. 15: Tolle, tolle, crucifige eum. Sic apud Justinum histor. lib. xxxviii, tollendos, pro occidendos.

To be taken away. That is, out of the way, or to be killed. So our Vulgate, John 19:15: "Away with him, away with him, crucify him." So in Justin's History book 38, tollendos for occidendos.

(Homines) ‹anchor: homines› · lemma note in col 212 Homines. Ms. habet omines: sed mendose.

Men. The manuscript has omines; but wrongly.

(Senex) ‹anchor: senex› · lemma note in col 212 Senex. Diocletianus.

The old man. Diocletian.

(Ejus) ‹anchor: ejus› · lemma note in col 212 Ejus. Scilicet Galerii Maximiani.

His. That is, Galerius Maximianus's.

(Orbem terrae) ‹anchor: orbem terrae› · lemma note in col 212 Orbem terrae. Id est imperium Romanum; ut supra monui.

The world. That is, the Roman Empire, as I advised above.

(Palatinos) ‹anchor: Palatinos› · lemma note in col 212 Palatinos. Id est, Palatii proceres.

The palace officials. That is, the great men of the Palace.

(Praecipitis hominis) ‹anchor: praecipitis hominis› · lemma note in col 212 Praecipitis hominis. Galerii. De quo jam, initio capitis 6 supra, dicitur quod praeceps erat, id est inconsiderate agens ac temere.

Of the headlong man. Galerius's. Of whom it has already been said above, at the beginning of ch. 6 [as printed], that he was headlong, that is, acting thoughtlessly and rashly.

(printed under page 105) (Nam) ‹anchor: nam› · lemma note in col 212 Nam. In ms. Non; sed male.

For. In the manuscript Non; but wrongly.

(Aliorum culpae adscriberetur) ‹anchor: aliorum culpae adscriberetur› · lemma note in col 212 Aliorum culpae adscriberetur. Sic de Diocletiano Eutropius habet lib. ix Hist., cap. 16: Moratus callide fuit, qui severitatem suam aliena invidia vellet explere.

Should be ascribed to the fault of others. So Eutropius has of Diocletian, History book 9, ch. 16: "He was cunning in character, one who wished to carry out his own severity through the odium of others."

(Proprio adversus Christianos odio) ‹anchor: proprio adversus Christianos odio› · lemma note in col 212 Proprio adversus Christianos odio. In ms. est proprium odium, mendose. Lactantius lib. v Divin. Institut. cap. 11, de hac ipsa persecutione loquens: Alii sui proprio adversus justos odio. Lactantio justos, idem est ac Christianos.

From their own hatred of the Christians. In the manuscript there is proprium odium, wrongly. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 11, speaking of this very persecution: "others from their own hatred of the just". For Lactantius "the just" is the same as "the Christians".

(Qui aliter) ‹anchor: qui aliter› · lemma note in col 212 Qui aliter. Ms. habet qualiter; male.

Who otherwise. The manuscript has qualiter; wrongly.

(Timentes) ‹anchor: timentes› · lemma note in col 212 Timentes. Lactantius ibidem lib. v, cap. 11: Alii prae nimia timiditate plus ausi sunt, quam jubebantur.

Fearing. Lactantius in the same place, book 5, ch. 11: "Others, through excessive timidity, dared more than they were ordered."

(Gratificari volentes) ‹anchor: gratificari volentes› · lemma note in col 212 Gratificari volentes. Idem ibid.: Nonnulli ut placerent, et hoc officio viam sibi ad altiora munirent.

Wishing to please. The same, ibid.: "Some, to please, and to build themselves a road to higher things by this service."

(printed under page 105)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XII–XIII). --> (Imperator) ‹anchor: imperator› · lemma note in col 213 Imperator. Diocletianus.

The Emperor. Diocletian.

(Milesium) ‹anchor: Milesium› · lemma note in col 213 Milesium. Vide supra lib. iv cap. 13 et Euseb. l. ii Hist. Constantini cap. 1.

The Milesian [oracle]. See above, book 4, ch. 13, and Eusebius, Life of Constantine book 2, ch. 1.

(Caesar) ‹anchor: Caesar› · lemma note in col 213 Caesar. Galerius.

The Caesar. Galerius.

(Terminalia) ‹anchor: Terminalia› · lemma note in col 213 Terminalia. Dies festus erat Romanis ob deum Terminum, De Termino deo vide Lactant, lib. i Institut. cap. 20. Florum hist. lib. i, cap. 7. Ciceron. lib. vi, Epist. ad Attic. initio.

The Terminalia. A feast-day of the Romans for the god Terminus. On the god Terminus see Lactantius, Inst. book 1, ch. 20; Florus, History book 1, ch. 7; Cicero, Letters to Atticus book 6, at the beginning.

(Deliguntur) ‹anchor: deliguntur› · lemma note in col 213 Deliguntur. Ms., Deleguntur; male.

Are chosen. The manuscript has Deleguntur; wrongly.

(Ad septimum kalendas Martias) ‹anchor: ad septimum kalendas Martias› · lemma note in col 213 Ad septimum kalendas Martias. Id est, 23 die Februarii an. Christi 303. Vide Tillemontium, tom. 4. Histor. Imperatorum artic. 10. et ejusdem Histor. Ecclesiastic., tom. v, artic. 8, et Not. 7, pag. 598, col. ii, nec non Baluzii Notam.

On the seventh day before the Kalends of March. That is, 23 February in the year of Christ 303. See Tillemont, History of the Emperors vol. 4, art. 10, and his Ecclesiastical History vol. 5, art. 8, and Note 7, p. 598, col. 2, and also Baluze's Note.

(Ut quasi terminus imponeretur huic religioni) ‹anchor: ut quasi terminus imponeretur› · lemma note in col 213 Ut quasi terminus imponeretur huic religioni. Quis, inquit Bauldrius, cum auctore terminum imponere, pro finem imponere, usurpavit? Sed iterum in hac phrasi agnoscitur Lactantius; ita enim invenio in lib. iv Inst., c. 19: Et ideo Sibylla impositurum esse morti terminum dixit post tridui somnum. Pari modo simplici usus est Apulei., lib. iv Metam.: Et ille quidem dignum virtutibus suis vitae terminum posuit. Eutropius l. iv, c. 11, n. 6: Belloque terminum posuit. Et Lact. iterum lib. vii, cap. 2, dixit: Ut injustum hoc saeculum... terminum sumat, pro finem sumat. Sic terminum habere lib. vii, c. 5 et c. 10. BUN.

So that, as it were, an end might be put to this religion. Who, says Baudri, besides our author, ever used terminum imponere for finem imponere? But again Lactantius is recognized in this phrase; for so I find in Inst. book 4, ch. 19: "And therefore the Sibyl said he would put an end to death after a sleep of three days." In the same simple way Apuleius used it, Metamorphoses book 4: "And he indeed put an end to his life worthy of his virtues." Eutropius, book 4, ch. 11, no. 6: "and he put an end to the war." And Lactantius again, book 7, ch. 2, said: "that this unjust age... may take its end (terminum)", for finem sumat. So terminum habere, book 7, ch. 5 and ch. 10. BÜNEMANN.

(Ecclesiam) ‹anchor: Ecclesiam› · lemma note in col 213 Ecclesiam. Nicomediae scilicet: sic vulgo Christiani aedem rebus sacris destinatam vocabant. — Ad Ecclesiam. Aedem christiani conventus, templum christianum in urbe Nicomedia. Atque ita non tantum Scriptores christiani illorum temporum, sed ipsi etiam de Christianis profani hoc vocabulo utuntur. Zozimus, lib. v, cap. 24. λάθρα τοίνυν φλόγα τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ νυκτὸς ἐμβαλόντες... ἥτε γὰρ ἘΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ κατεφλέγετο πᾶσα. CELL.

The church. At Nicomedia, that is: so the Christians commonly called the building set apart for sacred rites. — To the church: the building of the Christian assembly, the Christian temple in the city of Nicomedia. And not only the Christian writers of those times, but even the pagans themselves use this word of the Christians. Zosimus, book 5, ch. 24: "having secretly thrown fire into the church by night... for the whole CHURCH was burned down." CELLARIUS.

(Praefectus) ‹anchor: praefectus› · lemma note in col 213 Praefectus. Sic legere cogimur. In ms. est professus, nullo sensu; cum illa enim voce nihil est, quod conveniat. Bunemannus vero legit profectus.

The Prefect. We are compelled to read so. In the manuscript there is professus, which gives no sense; for there is nothing that agrees with that word. Bünemann, however, reads profectus.

(Simulacrum Dei quaeritur) ‹anchor: simulacrum Dei quaeritur› · lemma note in col 213 Simulacrum Dei quaeritur. A paganis, qui putabant templa non posse sine simulacris esse. Lact., lib. ii, cap. 2, SIMULACRUM DEI non illud est.

The image of God is searched for. By the pagans, who thought there could be no temples without images. Lactantius, book 2, ch. 2: "that is not the IMAGE OF GOD."

(Scripturae repertae incenduntur) ‹anchor: scripturae repertae incenduntur› · lemma note in col 213 Scripturae repertae incenduntur. Inde ortum est traditorum vocabulum iis, qui poenarum metu sacras Scripturas judicibus imperialibus tradiderant.

The Scriptures that are found are burned. Hence arose the name "traditors" for those who, from fear of punishment, had handed over the sacred Scriptures to the imperial judges.

(Ipsi) ‹anchor: ipsi› · lemma note in col 213 Ipsi. Diocletianus et Galerius.

They themselves. Diocletian and Galerius.

(Oporteret) ‹anchor: oporteret› · lemma note in col 214 Oporteret. Adde, quam dirui, ut sensus clarior fiat.

It should be. Add quam dirui ("than to be pulled down"), that the sense may become clearer.

(Fanum illud editissimum) ‹anchor: fanum illud editissimum› · lemma note in col 214 Fanum illud editissimum. In ms. est tamen, quod nullum sensum praestat. Cum doctiss. Tollio, Paulo Bauldri, aliisque, pro tamen, substituo Fanum, quod tot litterarum tractus habet. Fanum de templo, seu majori ecclesia dictum observat in Notis Paulus Bauldri suae editionis, quem vide infra.

That very lofty shrine. In the manuscript there is tamen, which yields no sense. With the most learned Tollius, Paul Baudri and others, for tamen I substitute Fanum, which has the strokes of as many letters. Paul Baudri observes in the Notes of his edition, which see below, that fanum is said of a temple, or a greater church.

(Adversus eos omnis actio caleret) ‹anchor: adversus eos omnis actio caleret› · lemma note in col 214 Adversus eos omnis actio caleret. Ita constanter mss. non valeret. Hic caleret recte latine dicitur a Lactantio; non ut quidam volunt, ex vocibus graecis latinas facit, ut sophia, pro sapientia, lib. iii, cap. 16, anastasis, pro resurrectio, lib. vii, cap. 23, antitheus, lib. ii, cap. 10, etc.

That every action against them should be heated. So the manuscripts consistently, not valeret. Here caleret is said in good Latin by Lactantius; it is not, as some would have it, that he makes Latin words out of Greek ones, as sophia for sapientia, book 3, ch. 16, anastasis for resurrectio, book 7, ch. 23, antitheus, book 2, ch. 10, etc.

(Quod edictum quidam diripuit et conscidit) ‹anchor: quod edictum quidam diripuit› · lemma note in col 214 Quod edictum quidam diripuit et conscidit. Quis ille fuerit, non constat. Ex silentio Lactantii, qui tum Nicomediae erat, satis datur intelligere, ignotum fuisse nomen hominis, quia haud dubie de plebe erat. Perperam alii dicunt, nominatum fuisse S. Joannem martyrio affectum die septimo mensis Septembris, alii S. Georgium martyrem passum 23 Aprilis; cum ex Lactantio et Eusebio certo colligatur, virum hunc statim productum, statim morti traditum fuisse, adeoque expirasse exeunte Februario. Ex BALUZIO.

Which edict a certain man tore down and cut to pieces. Who he was is not established. From the silence of Lactantius, who was then at Nicomedia, it is sufficiently given to understand that the man's name was unknown, because he was doubtless of the common people. Wrongly do some say that he was named St John, martyred on the seventh day of September, others St George the martyr, who suffered on 23 April; since it is certainly gathered from Lactantius and Eusebius that this man was brought forth at once, at once handed over to death, and so died at the end of February. From BALUZE.

(Diripuit) ‹anchor: diripuit› · lemma note in col 214 Diripuit. Sic legendum, non deripuit.

Tore apart. It should be read so, not deripuit.

(Propositas) ‹anchor: propositas› · lemma note in col 214 Propositus. Sic viri docti malunt, quam praepositas, quod est in ms.

Posted up. So learned men prefer, rather than praepositas, which is in the manuscript. [The lemma is printed "Propositus".]

(Extortus) ‹anchor: extortus› · lemma note in col 214 Extortus. Quo verbo utitur infr., c. 27.

Racked. A word he uses below, ch. 27.

(Legitime coctus) ‹anchor: legitime coctus› · lemma note in col 214 Legitime coctus. Scilicet lento igne, quali carnes assari solent; primo coctus, inde exustus. Ex CUPERO. — Alii vellent, lentissime coctus, ut infra, cap. 21, datis legibus, ut post tormenta damnati lentis ignibus urerentur. Legitime coctus, id est, ambustus. Modus coquendi Christianos vivos explicatur infra, cap. 21. Deinde incensae faces, et extinctae admovebantur singulis membris... Quod postremo accidebat cum per multum diem decocta omni cute, vis ignis ad intima penetrasset. Legitime autem coctum dixit, quia coctus erat secundum leges quas Augusti tulerant, sicut, lib. v, Institut., c. 11, lib. vi, cap. 9, eadem ratione illa vox usurpatur. Ex BALUZIO et TOINARDO.

Lawfully roasted. That is, with a slow fire, such as meat is usually roasted with; first roasted, then burned up. From CUPER. — Others would like "most slowly roasted", as below, ch. 21: "laws having been given that after tortures the condemned should be burned with slow fires." Legitime coctus, that is, scorched. The manner of roasting Christians alive is explained below, ch. 21: "Then torches, lit and put out, were applied to each limb... which finally happened when, the whole skin having been roasted through for a great part of the day, the force of the fire had penetrated to the innermost parts." He said "lawfully" roasted because he was roasted according to the laws the Augusti had passed, just as in Inst. book 5, ch. 11, book 6, ch. 9, that word is used in the same sense. From BALUZE and TOINARD.

(Cum admirabili patientia, etc.) ‹anchor: cum admirabili patientia› · lemma note in col 214 Cum admirabili patientia, etc. De eo Euseb., lib. viii, Histor. Eccles., cap. 5: Laetitiam ac tranquillitatem animi usque ad ultimum spiritum conservavit.

With admirable patience, etc. Of him Eusebius, Church History book 8, ch. 5: "He kept his joy and tranquillity of mind to his last breath."

(printed under page 106)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XIV–XV). The right image is cropped at its right edge; the few line-final letters lost there are supplied from the evident word. --> (Caesar) ‹anchor: Caesar› · lemma note in col 215 Caesar. Galerius: nondum Augustus erat.

The Caesar. Galerius: he was not yet Augustus.

(printed under page 107) (Est) ‹anchor: est› · lemma note in col 215 Est. Heuman. voculam istam delendam putat.

Is. Heumann thinks that little word should be deleted.

(Incendium) ‹anchor: incendium› · lemma note in col 215 Incendium. Cujus etiam meminit Eusebius, lib. viii, Hist. Eccles., cap. 6.

The fire. Which Eusebius also mentions, Church History book 8, ch. 6.

(Christiani arguebantur, velut hostes publici, etc.) ‹anchor: Christiani arguebantur› · lemma note in col 215 Christiani arguebantur, velut hostes publici, etc. Gentiles in odium Christianorum illis falsa affingebant crimina, et omnes eis imputabant, quae orbi universo eveniebant calamitates, quod dii sui (inquiebant) a nostris non colerentur. Arnob. S. Cyprianus Tractatu 1, contra Demetrianum, et S. Augustinus, lib. i, de Civit. Dei acriter hac de re Ethnicos reprehendunt: illos consule, si lubet.

The Christians were accused, as public enemies, etc. The Gentiles, out of hatred of the Christians, fastened false crimes on them, and imputed to them all the calamities that befell the whole world, because (they said) their gods were not worshipped by our people. Arnobius; St Cyprian, Treatise 1, Against Demetrian; and St Augustine, City of God book 1, sharply rebuke the heathen on this matter: consult them, if you please.

(Invidia) ‹anchor: invidia› · lemma note in col 215 Invidia. In ms. Vidia; male, per errorem.

Odium. In the manuscript Vidia; wrongly, by error.

(Christianorum) ‹anchor: Christianorum› · lemma note in col 215 Christianorum. Heuman. ex Tertull. Apolog., cap. v, legit Christianum nomen, non male.

Of the Christians. Heumann, from Tertullian's Apology, ch. 5, reads Christianum nomen ("the Christian name"), not badly.

(Illos consilio) ‹anchor: illos consilio› · lemma note in col 215 Illos consilio. Ms., Illo consilio; mendose.

Them by design. The manuscript has Illo consilio; wrongly.

(Combustos) ‹anchor: combustos› · lemma note in col 215 Combustos. Videtur deesse verbum ferebatur, vel dicebatur. ALMELOV.

Burned. The word ferebatur, or dicebatur ("it was said"), seems to be missing. ALMELOVEEN.

(Ira inflammatus) ‹anchor: ira inflammatus› · lemma note in col 215 Ira inflammatus. Apud Lactantium, lib. vii, Divin. Institut., cap. 17: INFLAMMATUS IRA veniet cum exercitu magno.

Inflamed with anger. In Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 17: "INFLAMED WITH ANGER he will come with a great army."

(Excarnificare omnes suos) ‹anchor: excarnificare omnes suos› · lemma note in col 215 Excarnificare omnes suos. Aulicos, seu domesticos. Ms., Excarnificari, quod sequens verbum coepit non patitur.

To torture all his own people. His courtiers, or household. The manuscript has Excarnificari, which the following verb coepit does not allow.

(Coepit) ‹anchor: coepit› · lemma note in col 215 Coepit. Ita restitui ex ms. Editi, praecepit.

He began. So I restored it from the manuscript. The printed editions have praecepit.

(Sedebat ipse) ‹anchor: sedebat ipse› · lemma note in col 215 Sedebat ipse. Diocletianus.

He himself sat. Diocletian.

(Judices universi, etc.) ‹anchor: judices universi› · lemma note in col 215 Judices universi, etc. Apud Diocletianum erant domestici maximo numero christiani. Ex iis non solum magistri palatii; sed et judices universi torquebantur ipsi, data aliis eos judicandi potestate; quippe si eam habebant Judices, nulla eos dari potestatem judicandi necessitas erat. Non video, qua de causa mutatum sit coepit in praecepit, torquebantur, in torquebant, quod alium omnino sensum exhibet; cum familiam Caesaris Galerii nemo torqueret. Huc spectare videntur quae scribit Lactantius, Div. Institut., lib. v, cap. 24: Ministros furoris alieni, satellites impiae jussionis necessitas fecit. Non enim honor ille aut provectio dignitatis fuit... Quis enim numerus capiet tam infinita, tam varia genera crudelitatis? ACCEPTA enim POTESTATE, pro suis moribus quisque saeviit, etc.

All the judges, etc. In Diocletian's household there were Christians in very great number. Of them not only the masters of the palace, but also all the judges were themselves tortured, the power of judging them having been given to others; for if the Judges had had that power, there was no need for the power of judging to be given them. I do not see why coepit was changed to praecepit, and torquebantur to torquebant, which gives an altogether different sense, since no one was torturing the household of Galerius Caesar. Here seems to point what Lactantius writes, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 24 [as printed]: "Necessity made them ministers of another's fury, attendants of an impious command. For it was not that honour or advancement in dignity... For what number will contain such infinite, such varied kinds of cruelty? For, POWER having been RECEIVED, each raged according to his own character," etc.

(Erant certantes, etc.) ‹anchor: erant certantes› · lemma note in cols 215–216 Erant certantes, etc. Pro certabant, vel certabatur, etc. Gallice: On cherchait à l'envi. Dici non potest quanta, et quam gravia tormentorum genera excogitaterunt hujusmodi judices. Itaque in excogitandis poenarum generibus nihil aliud, quam victoriam cogitant. Sciunt enim certamen esse illud et pugnam. Lactant., lib. v, Div. Instit., cap. 11.

They were vying, etc. For certabant, or certabatur, etc. In French: "They searched in rivalry." It cannot be told how many and how grievous kinds of torment judges of this sort devised. "And so in devising kinds of punishments they think of nothing but victory. For they know that it is a contest and a fight." Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 11.

(Caesaris) ‹anchor: Caesaris› · lemma note in col 216 Caesaris. Galerii.

Of the Caesar. Of Galerius.

(Aderat ipse) ‹anchor: aderat ipse› · lemma note in col 216 Aderat ipse. Galerius Maximianus.

He himself was present. Galerius Maximianus.

(Iram inconsiderati senis deflagrare) ‹anchor: iram inconsiderati senis deflagrare› · lemma note in col 216 Iram inconsiderati senis deflagrare. Id est, defervescere, imminui, decrescere. Apud Livium, lib. xl, deflagrare iras vestras.

The anger of the thoughtless old man to burn out. That is, to cool, to lessen, to decrease. In Livy, book 40: "that your angers burn out".

(Id celerius) ‹anchor: id celerius› · lemma note in col 216 Id celerius. Ita editio Aboensis et Heumann.; reliquae habent sed.

This more quickly. So the Åbo edition and Heumann; the rest have sed.

(Imperator) ‹anchor: imperator› · lemma note in col 216 Imperator. Diocletianus.

The Emperor. Diocletian.

(Filiam Valeriam, conjugemque Priscam sacrificio pollui coegit) ‹anchor: filiam Valeriam› · lemma note in col 216 Filiam Valeriam, conjugemque Priscam sacrificio pollui coegit. Erant forte Christianae. Valeria nupta erat Galerio Maximiano Caesari jam ab. an. 292. Vide Euseb. Hist. Eccles. lib. viii, cap. 1.

He forced his daughter Valeria and his wife Prisca to be defiled by sacrifice. They were perhaps Christians. Valeria had been married to Galerius Maximianus Caesar since the year 292. See Eusebius, Church History book 8, ch. 1.

(Quondam) ‹anchor: quondam› · lemma note in col 216 Quondam, Ms. Cda. Scriptura mendosa.

Once. The manuscript has Cda. A faulty writing.

(Eunuchi) ‹anchor: eunuchi› · lemma note in col 216 Eunuchi. Inter quos erat Petrus. Vide Euseb. Hist. Eccles., lib. viii, cap. 6.

The eunuchs. Among whom was Peter. See Eusebius, Church History book 8, ch. 6.

(Palatium et ipse ante constabat) ‹anchor: palatium et ipse ante constabat› · lemma note in col 216 Palatium et ipse ante constabat. Quidam legunt Per quos Palatium et ipse ante conflabat: alii per quos palatium rexisse ante constabat. Sed lectio ms. magis arridet.

On whom the Palace and he himself had formerly depended. Some read "through whom the Palace and he himself formerly were fanned [into life]"; others "through whom it was established that the palace had formerly been governed". But the manuscript's reading pleases more.

(Ministri) ‹anchor: ministri› · lemma note in col 216 Ministri. Diaconi.

Ministers. Deacons.

(Sine ulla probatione ac confessione) ‹anchor: sine ulla probatione ac confessione› · lemma note in col 216 Sine ulla probatione ac confessione. In ms. est ac confessione, mendose: lego ac confessione; id est, Gallice, sans aucune preuve de témoins, et sans être convaincus d'aucun crime par leur propre aveu.

Without any proof or confession. In the manuscript there is ac confessione, wrongly [as printed]: I read ac confessione; that is, in French, "without any proof by witnesses, and without being convicted of any crime by their own avowal."

(Sed gregatim circumdato igni amburebantur) ‹anchor: sed gregatim circumdato igni› · lemma note in col 216 Sed gregatim circumdato igni amburebantur. Sic lego sed, pro et, quod ortum videtur in ms. pro set. Circumdare et ambire idem est: quid sibi vult cum circumdato ambiebantur, quod est in editis? Lege amburebantur: quod verbo Lactantius non uno in loco utitur, et praecipue lib. vii, Divin. Instit., cap. 17: Procedet ignis de ore ejus, atque AMBURET illum; et cap. 21, perstringentur igni, atque AMBURENTUR.

But they were burned in herds, fire being set round them. So I read sed for et, which seems to have arisen in the manuscript from set. Circumdare and ambire are the same: what is meant by "circumdato ambiebantur", which is in the printed editions? Read amburebantur: a verb which Lactantius uses in more than one place, and especially Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 17: "Fire will come forth from his mouth, and WILL BURN him"; and ch. 21: "they will be grazed by the fire, and WILL BE BURNED."

(Ne cui temere, etc.) ‹anchor: ne cui temere› · lemma note in col 216 Ne cui temere, etc. Temere, incogitantia, Gallice, par mégarde, sans y penser. Ne forte alicujus Christiani causam judices imprudenter audirent, ac dijudicarent. Qua de re vide Acta Crisp. apud Mabillon. Analect. tom. 3.

That to no one heedlessly, etc. Temere, through thoughtlessness; in French, "by mistake, without thinking". Lest by chance the judges should unwittingly hear and decide the case of some Christian. On which see the Acts of Crispina in Mabillon, Analecta vol. 3.

(In secretariis) ‹anchor: in secretariis› · lemma note in col 216 In secretariis. In Curiis judicialibus. Secretaria enim fuerunt proprie loca in quibus judices de causis civilibus, vel criminalibus cognoscebant, sedebantque. BAULDRI. — De Secretariis vide Cod. lib. iii, titul. 24, l. 3

In the council-chambers. In the judicial Courts. For secretaria were properly places in which judges heard and sat on civil or criminal cases. BAUDRI. — On the Secretaria see the Code, book 3, title 24, law 3.

(printed under page 107)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XV–XVI). --> (Etiam) ‹anchor: etiam› · lemma note in col 217 Etiam. Sic ms.; at editi habent et jam, quod minus bene putat Heumann.

Even. So the manuscript; but the printed editions have et jam, which Heumann thinks less good.

(Expectata non erat) ‹anchor: expectata non erat› · lemma note in col 217 Expectata non erat. Id est, non expectabatur. In ms. legitur spectata.

Had not been awaited. That is, was not expected. In the manuscript spectata is read.

(Senex Maximianus) ‹anchor: senex Maximianus› · lemma note in col 217 Senex Maximianus. Scilicet Maximianus Herculius.

The old man Maximian. That is, Maximian Herculius.

(Non adeo clemens) ‹anchor: non adeo clemens› · lemma note in col 217 Non adeo clemens. De asperitate et saevitia Maximiani Herculii vide Eutropium libris ix et x.

Not so merciful. On the harshness and cruelty of Maximian Herculius see Eutropius, books 9 and 10.

(Constantius) ‹anchor: Constantius› · lemma note in col 217 Constantius. Praeerat Galliis et Magnae Britanniae.

Constantius. He governed the Gauls and Great Britain.

(Dissentire) ‹anchor: dissentire› · lemma note in col 217 Dissentire. Ms. habet desentire.

To disagree. The manuscript has desentire.

(Majorum) ‹anchor: majorum› · lemma note in col 217 Majorum. Id est, Augustorum, qui Caesaribus superiores erant.

Of his seniors. That is, of the Augusti, who were superior to the Caesars.

(Parietes... dirui passus est) ‹anchor: parietes... dirui passus est› · lemma note in col 217 Parietes... dirui passus est. Itaque Ecclesias in nonnullis Galliarum locis dirui passus est, nullo jussit edicto. Sicque Eusebius Lactantio non contradicit, ut existimavit Baluzius. Vide Not. ejusdem.

He allowed the walls... to be pulled down. So he allowed churches to be pulled down in some places of the Gauls; he ordered it by no edict. And thus Eusebius does not contradict Lactantius, as Baluze thought. See his Note.

(Verum autem Dei templum) ‹anchor: verum autem Dei templum› · lemma note in col 217 Verum autem Dei templum. Id est, hominem christianum. Vide Lactantium, Div. Institut. lib. v, cap. 8, et lib. vi, cap. 25: Secum denique habeat Deum semper in corde suo consecratum, quoniam ipse est DEI TEMPLUM.

But the true temple of God. That is, the Christian man. See Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 8, and book 6, ch. 25: "Finally, let him have God always with him, consecrated in his heart, since he himself is THE TEMPLE OF GOD."

(Universa terra) ‹anchor: universa terra› · lemma note in col 217 Universa terra. Id est, Romanum Imperium.

The whole earth. That is, the Roman Empire.

(Tres acerbissimae bestiae saeviebant) ‹anchor: tres acerbissimae bestiae› · lemma note in col 217 Tres acerbissimae bestiae saeviebant. Ita apud Lactantium Div., Institut. lib. vi, cap. 6, Dominationes acerbae; et lib. vii, cap. 9, acerbi census. Istae autem tres acerbissimae bestiae erant Diocletianus, Maximianus, Herculius, et Galerius Maximianus. Constantium enim Galliis imperantem non ponit in numero persecutorum. Lactantius lib. v, c. 2: Nec immerito a Prophetis BESTIAE nominantur... Aspernantur itaque corpora belluarum, quibus sunt ipsi SAEVIORES. Nam... quae Hyrcania tam immanes, tam sanguinarias unquam BESTIAS aluit?.. Illa est vera BESTIA, cujus una jussione funditur ater ubique cruor, etc. Vide supra Not. ad caput 9.

Three most savage beasts were raging. So in Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 6, ch. 6, "harsh dominations"; and book 7, ch. 9, "harsh census". These three most savage beasts were Diocletian, Maximian Herculius, and Galerius Maximianus. For he does not put Constantius, ruling the Gauls, among the persecutors. Lactantius book 5, ch. 2: "Not undeservedly are they called BEASTS by the Prophets... So they scorn the bodies of brutes, than which they themselves are MORE SAVAGE. For... what Hyrcania ever bred BEASTS so savage, so bloodthirsty?.. That is the true BEAST, at whose single command black gore is poured out everywhere," etc. See above, the Note on ch. 9.

(printed under page 108) (Non) ‹anchor: non› · lemma note in col 217 Non. Virgil. vi, Aeneid., v. 625.

Not. Virgil, Aeneid 6, v. 625.

(Possim) ‹anchor: possim› · lemma note in col 217 Possim. Sic restitui ex ms. Colbertino, et sic lego cum Virgilio, et quidem eleganter pro possem, quod ferunt omnes Lactantii editiones; exempli gratia, hic si sis, aliter sentias, pro hic si esses, aliter sentires.

I could. So I restored it from the Colbert manuscript, and so I read with Virgil, and indeed elegantly, for possem, which all the editions of Lactantius carry; for example, hic si sis, aliter sentias for hic si esses, aliter sentires ("if you were here, you would think otherwise").

(Quas) ‹anchor: quas› · lemma note in col 217 Quas. Ms. quae, male; neque enim referri potest ad nomina. Legendum profecto quas, referendo ad τὸ poenarum.

Which. The manuscript has quae, wrongly; for it cannot be referred to nomina. Quas should certainly be read, referring it to the [word] poenarum.

(Donate) ‹anchor: Donate› · lemma note in col 217 Donate. Donatus ille est Lactantii nostri amicus, illustris Christi confessor, qui sub tribus Judicibus novies tortus, de diabolo triumphans e carcere liber dimissus est.

Donatus. That Donatus is our Lactantius's friend, an illustrious confessor of Christ, who, tortured nine times under three Judges, triumphing over the devil, was sent out of prison a free man.

(Flaccinum praefectum) ‹anchor: Flaccinum praefectum› · lemma note in col 217 Flaccinum praefectum. Scilicet Bithyniae.

Flaccinus the prefect. Of Bithynia, that is.

(Hieroclem) ‹anchor: Hieroclem› · lemma note in col 217 Hieroclem. Bithyniae Praesidem.

Hierocles. Governor of Bithynia.

(Auctor et consiliarius ad faciendam persecutionem) ‹anchor: auctor et consiliarius› · lemma note in cols 217–218 Auctor et consiliarius ad faciendam persecutionem. Persecutionem facere, phrasis fuit illorum temporum. Lactantius lib. v Div. Instit., cap. 11. Alius eamdem materiam mordacius scripsit, qui erat tum e numero judicium, et QUI AUCTOR in primis FACIENDAE PERSECUTIONIS FUIT.

Author and counsellor for making the persecution. "To make persecution" was a phrase of those times. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 11 [as printed]: "Another wrote on the same matter more bitingly, who was then of the number of the judges, and WHO WAS chiefly THE AUTHOR OF MAKING THE PERSECUTION."

(Priscillianum) ‹anchor: Priscillianum› · lemma note in col 218 Priscillianum. Bithyniae praesidem ex menologio Graecor. ad diem 12 Junii.

Priscillianus. Governor of Bithynia, from the Menology of the Greeks at 12 June.

(Zabulum) ‹anchor: zabulum› · lemma note in col 218 Zabulum. Id est, diabolum. Nihil vulgatius in antiquis libris mss. quam vox zabuli, vel zaboli, pro diaboli; zabolici, pro diabolici. Ita passim apud SS. Patres. Vide Not. 2 ad novam Operum S. Paulini Nolani J. B. le Brun editionem, Paris. an. 1685.

The devil (zabulus). That is, diabolus. Nothing is commoner in old manuscript books than the word zabuli or zaboli for diaboli; zabolici for diabolici. So everywhere in the holy Fathers. See Note 2 to J. B. le Brun's new edition of the Works of St Paulinus of Nola, Paris, 1685.

(Seculum cum suis terroribus triumphasti) ‹anchor: seculum cum suis terroribus› · lemma note in col 218 Seculum cum suis terroribus triumphasti. Triumphare cum quarto casu etiam Lactantiana dictio est; lib. iv Instit.: Mortem cum suis terroribus triumpharet; lib. vi, cap. 23: Hic terram triumphabit; Epitom., c. 46: triumphabit captivos; ibid., c. 51: Cum videant deos suos per Crucem ab hominibus triumphari; tandem, cap. 66: Triumphato saeculo.

You have triumphed over the world with its terrors. Triumphare with the accusative is also a Lactantian expression; Inst. book 4: "that he might triumph over death with its terrors"; book 6, ch. 23: "he will triumph over the earth"; Epitome ch. 46: "he will triumph over the captives"; ibid., ch. 51: "when they see their gods triumphed over by men through the Cross"; finally ch. 66: "the world having been triumphed over".

(Quam jocundum illud spectaculum Deo fuit) ‹anchor: quam jocundum illud spectaculum› · lemma note in col 218 Quam jocundum illud spectaculum Deo fuit. Cyprianus, ep. 9: O quale illud fuit spectaculum Domino!

How delightful a spectacle that was to God. Cyprian, letter 9: "O what a spectacle that was for the Lord!"

(Elephantos) ‹anchor: elephantos› · lemma note in col 218 Elephantos. Nam et elephantos ad currum junxerunt antiqui, ut patet ex Lampridio in Vita Antonini Heliogabali, et ex aliis locis. Auctor est Flavius Vopiscus in triumpho, quem Aurelianus egit de Zenobia et Tetrico, elephantos viginti praecessisse. Vide Bulengerum in libro de Triumphis, cap. 21.

Elephants. For the ancients also yoked elephants to the chariot, as is clear from Lampridius in the Life of Antoninus Heliogabalus, and from other places. Flavius Vopiscus is the authority that in the triumph which Aurelian held over Zenobia and Tetricus twenty elephants went before. See Boulenger in his book On Triumphs, ch. 21.

(Subjugantem... subjugati sunt) ‹anchor: subjugantem... subjugati sunt› · lemma note in col 218 Subjugantem... subjugati sunt. Haec verba quae eruditissimo Nic. Heinsio displicent, nihilominus Lactantiana sunt; sic enim Div. Instit. lib. vii ait: Falsus igitur Aristippus, qui hominem voluptati, hoc est malo, tanquam pecudem SUBJUGAVIT.

Yoking... they were yoked. These words, which displease the most learned Nicolaas Heinsius, are nevertheless Lactantian; for so he says in Div. Inst. book 7: "Aristippus therefore was mistaken, who YOKED man like a beast to pleasure, that is, to evil."

(Cum dominatores dominantur) ‹anchor: cum dominatores dominantur› · lemma note in col 218 Cum dominatores dominatur. Hic dominari est passiva significatione, ut apud Ciceronem in libro i Officiorum: O domus antiqua, heu quam dispare dominare domino!

When the masters are mastered. Here dominari has a passive meaning, as in Cicero, On Duties book 1: "O ancient house, alas, by how unlike a master you are mastered!" [The lemma is printed "dominatur".]

(Nefanda jussione) ‹anchor: nefanda jussione› · lemma note in col 218 Nefanda jussione. Sic Lactantius Div. Instit. lib. iv, cap. 15: Verbo ac JUSSIONE faciebat et lib. v, cap. 13: Non tyrannicas JUSSIONES; et ejusdem, cap. 11: Illa est vera bestia, cujus una JUSSIONE funditur ater ubique cruor. Et paulo post, quos ministros furoris alieni, quos satellites impiae JUSSIONIS necessitas aut invenit, aut fecit. Jussionis vox, juxta Cangium, praeceptionem notat maxime Principis.

By the abominable command. So Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 15: "he did it by word and COMMAND"; and book 5, ch. 13: "not tyrannical COMMANDS"; and the same, ch. 11: "That is the true beast, at whose single COMMAND black gore is poured out everywhere." And a little after: "whom necessity either found or made ministers of another's fury, attendants of an impious COMMAND." The word jussio, according to du Cange, denotes the order above all of a Prince.

(Terriculas) ‹anchor: terriculas› · lemma note in col 218 Terriculas. Id est, terrores. Livius lib. xxxiv, cap. 11: Nullis minis, nullis terriculis se motos. De hac voce adi Nonium. COLUMB.

Bugbears. That is, terrors. Livy, book 34, ch. 11: "that they were moved by no threats, no bugbears." On this word consult Nonius. COLOMB.

(Nihil ungulae) ‹anchor: nihil ungulae› · lemma note in col 218 Nihil ungulae. Ungulae, genus quoddam ferreae forcipis, inter tormenta olim adhibitae. Formam vide (continues)

Nothing the claws. Ungulae, a kind of iron pincers, once used among the torments. For its form see (continues)

(printed under page 108)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XVII–XVIII). The right image is cropped at its right edge; line-final letters lost there are supplied from the evident word. --> (Nihil ungulae) ‹anchor: nihil ungulae› · lemma note, continued, col 219

(continued) apud Gallonium, lib. de Cruciatibus martyrum, c. 5, atque alios qui de martyribus egerunt.

(Hoc est, militem Christi) ‹anchor: hoc est, militem Christi› · lemma note in col 219 Hoc est, militem Christi. Ita ms. Mox praecessit, Hoc est esse discipulum Dei: hic pro, est, mallem esse; vel repeti, hoc est esse.

That is, a soldier of Christ. So the manuscript. Just before came "This is to be a disciple of God": here for est I should prefer esse; or hoc est esse repeated.

(Nullus laqueus inducat) ‹anchor: nullus laqueus inducat› · lemma note in col 219 Nullus laqueus inducat. Eadem est locutio apud Lactantium Div. Instit. lib. vi, cap. 24, post medium, in eosdem LAQUEOS INDUCANTUR.

Let no snare lead [him] in. The same expression is in Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 6, ch. 24, after the middle: "they are LED INTO the same SNARES."

(Domini) ‹anchor: Domini› · lemma note in col 219 Domini. Sic in ms. Dni; quando verum ibi nomen Dei scribitur, Di sic legitur. Caeteri tamen editi habent Dei contra fidem ms.

Of the Lord. So in the manuscript, Dni; when the name Dei is really written there, it is read thus, Di. The other printed editions, however, have Dei, against the evidence of the manuscript.

(Diocletiani) ‹anchor: Diocletiani› · lemma note in col 219 Diocletiani. Sic ms. editi vero habent Diocletianus.

Of Diocletian. So the manuscript; but the printed editions have Diocletianus.

(Vicennalium) ‹anchor: vicennalium› · lemma note in col 219 Vincennalium. Magno sumptu quinquennalia, decennalia, vicennalia celebrabant Imperatores.

Of the twentieth-year festival. The Emperors celebrated the fifth-year, tenth-year and twentieth-year festivals at great expense. [The lemma is printed "Vincennalium".]

(Cum libertatem populi Romani ferre non poterat) ‹anchor: cum libertatem populi Romani› · lemma note in col 219 Cum libertatem populi Romani ferre non poterat. Hic cum est pro quoniam; ideoque non regit subjunctivum. Libertatem: in ms., libertate; male.

Since he could not bear the liberty of the Roman people. Here cum stands for quoniam; and so it does not govern the subjunctive. Libertatem: in the manuscript, libertate; wrongly.

(Morbum levem, at perpetuum traxit) ‹anchor: morbum levem, at perpetuum› · lemma note in col 219 Morbum levem, at perpetuum traxit. Cum viris doctis criticis pro, ac, quod est in mss. lego at traxit, est pro contraxit. Verbum simplex pro composito; ut solet Lactantius.

He contracted an illness, slight but lasting. With learned critics, for ac, which is in the manuscripts, I read at. Traxit stands for contraxit: the simple verb for the compound, as Lactantius is wont.

(Per circuitum ripae Istricae) ‹anchor: per circuitum ripae Istricae› · lemma note in col 219 Per circuitum ripae Istricae. In ms., ripae Strigae. Multi viri docti mendum suspicantur in vocabulo Strigae quod est in ms. Legunt Istricae, id est, juxta ripam Istriae provinciae, quam petere debebat Diocletianus, cum relicta Ravenna Nicomediam iret. Ad quid enim longius iter carperet versus Danubium, cum brevius esset et facilius, id est, juxta ripam Istriae, et Dalmatiae ipsius Diocletiani patriae: deinde per Illyrium ubi erant viae militares, per quas Byzantium adiret, ac deinde Nicomediam praeternavigaret? Dicit vero per circuitum, quia ut peteret ripam Istriae, circuire debebat juxta partem septentrionalem sinus Adriatici. Qui plura desiderat, legat Henrici Dodwelli dissertationem de Ripa Striga ad calcem hujus voluminis.

Round by the bank of the Ister. In the manuscript, ripae Strigae. Many learned men suspect an error in the word Strigae, which is in the manuscript. They read Istricae, that is, along the shore of the province of Istria, which Diocletian must have made for when, leaving Ravenna, he was going to Nicomedia. For why should he take a longer road towards the Danube, when it was shorter and easier along the coast of Istria and of Dalmatia, Diocletian's own native land; then through Illyricum, where there were military roads by which he might reach Byzantium, and then sail past to Nicomedia? He says "round", because to make for the coast of Istria he had to go round by the northern part of the Adriatic gulf. Whoever wants more, let him read Henry Dodwell's dissertation on the Ripa Striga at the end of this volume.

(Quocumque se premi videret) ‹anchor: quocumque se premi videret› · lemma note in cols 219–220 Quocumque se premi videret. Bene, per metathesim pro quoque cum se premi videret. Idem, satis Deo fecerimus, lib. iv Divin. Instit., cap. 17.

Wherever he saw himself pressed. Rightly: by metathesis for quoque cum se premi videret ("and also when he saw himself pressed"). The same: "we shall have satisfied God", Div. Inst. book 4, ch. 17.

(Oppressus) ‹anchor: oppressus› · lemma note in col 220 Oppressus. Supple, est, quod Lactantius saepe subaudit.

Overcome. Supply est, which Lactantius often leaves understood.

(printed under page 109) (Ac) ‹anchor: ac› · lemma note in col 220 Ac. Ms. habet ad, mendose.

And. The manuscript has ad, wrongly.

(Mutari) ‹anchor: mutari› · lemma note in col 220 Mutari. Heumann. legi vult mutati.

To be changed. Heumann wants mutati to be read.

(Donec Caesar) ‹anchor: donec Caesar› · lemma note in col 220 Donec Caesar. Galerius Maximianus veniret.

Until the Caesar. Until Galerius Maximianus should come.

(Toto) ‹anchor: toto› · lemma note in col 220 Toto. Ms. habet tota, mendose.

Whole. The manuscript has tota, wrongly.

(Sopitus) ‹anchor: sopitus› · lemma note in col 220 Sopitus. In editis praemissum est morte, quod deest in ms. alii malunt morti, alteri morbo; sed perperam. Nam ut recte adnotavit doctissimus Graevius, sopiti dicuntur, qui deliquio animi corporis quoque sensum ad tempus amittunt, ut pro mortuis jaceant. Liv. lib. i: Populum Tanaquil alloquitur, jubet bono animo esse: sopitum fuisse Regem subito ictu; ferrum haud alte in corpus descendisse, jam ad se redisse. Qui locus fere Lactantii geminus est. Animam receperat, idem est ac ad se rediit. Qui somno sopiuntur, aut vulnere, aut morbo, evigilant, et ad se redeunt; qui morte sopiuntur, somnum ferreum illum dormiunt, ex quo nunquam excitantur in his terris. GRAEVIUS.

Stunned. In the printed editions morte ("by death") is set before it, which is missing in the manuscript; some prefer morti, others morbo; but wrongly. For, as the most learned Graevius rightly noted, those are called sopiti who through a fainting of the mind also lose the sense of the body for a time, so that they lie as if dead. Livy, book 1: "Tanaquil addresses the people, bids them be of good heart: the King had been stunned by a sudden blow; the steel had not gone deep into his body; he had already come to himself." This passage is almost a twin of Lactantius's. Animam receperat is the same as ad se rediit. Those who are stunned by sleep, or a wound, or illness, wake and come to themselves; those who are stunned by death sleep that iron sleep from which they are never roused on this earth. GRAEVIUS.

(Insaniret) ‹anchor: insaniret› · lemma note in col 220 Insaniret. Hujus insaniae testis est Eusebius lib. viii, Hist. Eccl. cap. 13.

He was mad. Eusebius is witness of this madness, Church History book 8, ch. 13.

(Caesar) ‹anchor: Caesar› · lemma note in col 220 Caesar. Galerius Maximianus.

The Caesar. Galerius Maximianus.

(Non ut patri gratularetur) ‹anchor: non ut patri gratularetur› · lemma note in col 220 Non ut patri gratularetur. Diocletiani erat filius adoptivus; atque etiam gener. cap. 9. Diocletiani enim filiam Galeriam Valeriam duxerat Galerius. TOINARD.

Not to congratulate his father. He was Diocletian's adopted son, and also his son-in-law, ch. 9. For Galerius had married Diocletian's daughter Galeria Valeria. TOINARD.

(Cogeret imperio cedere) ‹anchor: cogeret imperio cedere› · lemma note in col 220 Cogeret imperio cedere. Ms. ut et infra, imperium credere.

To force him to yield the empire. The manuscript, as also below, has imperium credere.

(Conflixerat (cum) Maximiano sene) ‹anchor: conflixerat (cum) Maximiano sene› · lemma note in col 220 Conflixerat (cum) Maximiano sene. Herculio scilicet. Cum deest in ms. sed Lactantium suspicor scripsisse, ac inde sensus fit clarior.

He had quarrelled (with) old Maximian. Herculius, that is. Cum is missing in the manuscript, but I suspect Lactantius wrote it, and the sense becomes clearer from it.

(Aggressus est ergo Diocletianum, jam senem esse, etc.) ‹anchor: aggressus est ergo Diocletianum› · lemma note in col 220 Aggressus est ergo Diocletianum, jam senem esse, etc. Hic incipit dialogus inter Diocletianum et Maximianum Galerium, isto socerum urgente ad deponendum imperium, altero repugnante. Quod valde animadvertendum est. Hactenus enim existimavimus spontaneam fuisse Diocletiani abdicationem, et longo tempore meditatam: quod certe evidentissime colli- (continues)

So he approached Diocletian, [saying] that he was now old, etc. Here begins the dialogue between Diocletian and Maximianus Galerius, the latter pressing his father-in-law to lay down the empire, the former resisting. Which is much to be noticed. For until now we have thought that Diocletian's abdication was voluntary, and long premeditated: which certainly is most evidently gath- (continues)

(printed under page 109)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XVIII). --> (Aggressus est ergo Diocletianum, jam senem esse, etc.) ‹anchor: aggressus est ergo Diocletianum› · lemma note, continued, col 221

(continued) gebatur ex vetustis auctoribus, qui vulgatas tantum historias scribebant, arcana rerum non noverant. At Lactantius, qui Nicomediam a Diocletiano fuerat accitus, qui frequens erat in palatio, melius totam hanc historiam scire potuit, quam illi qui postea animum ad scribendam historias appulerunt. BALUZ.

(Simul et exemplum Nervae proferebat, etc.) ‹anchor: simul et exemplum Nervae› · lemma note in col 221 Simul et exemplum Nervae proferebat, etc. Id vero est longe falsissimum; neque enim Trajanus a Nerva adoptatus imperavit, nisi eo demortuo. Observandum est autem, id non a Lactantio tanquam auctore, sed apud Lactantium a Maximiano referri in rem suam. Hocquippe exemplo volebat abuti apud Diocletianum, hominem illitteratum et historiae rudem, sed etiam tum in angustiis positum, ut eum ad abdicandum Imperium induceret. TOINARD.

At the same time he brought forward the example of Nerva, etc. That indeed is quite false; for Trajan, adopted by Nerva, did not reign until Nerva was dead. But it should be observed that this is related not by Lactantius as its author, but in Lactantius by Maximian, to serve his own purpose. For he wanted to misuse this example with Diocletian, an unlettered man and ignorant of history, but also then placed in straits, so as to induce him to abdicate the Empire. TOINARD.

(Aiebat, et indecens esse) ‹anchor: aiebat, et indecens esse› · lemma note in col 221 Aiebat, et indecens esse. Restitui et ex ms. Et nullus dubito, quin Lactantius sic scripserit. Alioqui scripsisset sibi, ut infra, non ei, ut in editis, aiebat Diocletianus.

He said, and that it was unseemly. I restored et from the manuscript. And I have no doubt that Lactantius wrote so. Otherwise he would have written sibi, as below, not ei, as in the printed editions: "Diocletian said."

(Decidisset) ‹anchor: decidisset› · lemma note in col 221 Decidisset. In ms. decidisse.

Had fallen. In the manuscript decidisse.

(Quaesisset) ‹anchor: quaesisset› · lemma note in col 221 Quaesisset. In ms., quaesisse, id est, acquisivisset, vel ex eo certum, quod nemo sibi ultro multorum odia conciliet, sed invitus semper sustineat. Item quaesierunt, pro acquisierunt supra hujusce libri initio, et infra, cap. 31, post medium, cibos labore quaesitos, pro acquisitos. In Lactantii more est quaerendi verbum in acquirendi significatione adhibere, simplex pro composito lib. i Div. Institut. cap. 20, et Epitom., cap. 20: Flora cum magnas opes ex arte meretricia QUAESIVISSET; lib. ii, cap. 12: Per ejus divinum atque unicum nomen sibi misericordiam QUAERIT; lib. iv, cap. 1: Mortem sibi perpetuam cum diis et cum bonis corporalibus QUAESIERUNT; lib. v, cap. 1, ante finem, loquens de S. Cypriano, Magnam sibi gloriam ex artis Oratoriae professione QUAESIERAT; lib. vi, cap. 12: Perdamne rem familiarem meo aut majorum labore QUAESITAM? lib. vii, cap. 11; Virtutis suae nomen indelebile QUAESIERUNT; Ibid. cap. 14: Suis meritis non immortalitatem sibi, sed mortem peccatis ac libidinibus QUAESIERUNT; ibid. c. 15: male QUAESITUM, pro male acquisitum; et Epitom. cap. 27.

Had sought. In the manuscript, quaesisse, that is, had acquired; or certain from this, that no one willingly wins himself the hatred of many, but always bears it unwillingly. Likewise quaesierunt for acquisierunt above at the beginning of this book, and below, ch. 31, after the middle, "food sought by labour", for acquired. It is Lactantius's habit to use the verb quaerere in the meaning of acquirere, the simple for the compound: Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 20, and Epitome ch. 20: "when Flora had GAINED great wealth from the harlot's trade"; book 2, ch. 12: "through his divine and only name he SEEKS mercy for himself"; book 4, ch. 1: "they GAINED for themselves everlasting death with the gods and with bodily goods"; book 5, ch. 1, before the end, speaking of St Cyprian: "he had GAINED himself great glory from the profession of the art of Oratory"; book 6, ch. 12: "Shall I lose the property GAINED by my labour or my ancestors'?"; book 7, ch. 11: "they GAINED an indelible name for their virtue"; ibid. ch. 14: "by their deserts they GAINED for themselves not immortality but death through sins and lusts"; ibid. ch. 15: male QUAESITUM, for "ill-gotten"; and Epitome ch. 27.

(Nervam imperantem... abjecisse) ‹anchor: Nervam imperantem› · lemma note in col 221 Nervam imperantem... abjecisse. Ex omnium eruditorum consensu sic reposuimus, cum esset in ms. codice et editis Nerva imperante... abjecisse gubernaculum Reipublicae, mendose, ut cuivis praecedentia et sequentia legenti patebit.

That Nerva, while reigning... had cast off. With the agreement of all the learned we have put it back thus, since in the manuscript codex and the printed editions there was "Nerva imperante... abjecisse gubernaculum Reipublicae", wrongly, as will be clear to anyone reading what precedes and follows.

(Quiret) ‹anchor: quiret› · lemma note in col 221 Quiret. Vide infra Not. ad capitis 37 initium.

Could. See below, the Note at the beginning of ch. 37.

(At ille) ‹anchor: at ille› · lemma note in col 221 At ille. Caesar Galerius, scilicet.

But he. Galerius Caesar, that is.

(Orbem totum jam spe invaserat) ‹anchor: orbem totum jam spe invaserat› · lemma note in col 221 Orbem totum jam spe invaserat. Omnes fere viri docti non aliter legendum esse censent; quidam inhiaverat. In ms. est, ipse invenerat.

He had already seized the whole world in hope. Almost all learned men judge it should be read no otherwise; some, inhiaverat ("had gaped after"). In the manuscript there is ipse invenerat.

(Cum sibi, etc.) ‹anchor: cum sibi› · lemma note in col 222 Cum sibi, etc. Ita ms. non inde, ut in editis.

When to himself, etc. So the manuscript, not inde, as in the printed editions.

(Aut non multum) ‹anchor: aut non multum› · lemma note in col 222 Aut non multum. Negationem, quae deest in ms. addidi, ut omnino necessariam, eamque sensus postulat. Vide idem lib. i Divin. Institut. cap. 8. ALMELOV.

Or not much. I have added the negative, which is missing in the manuscript, as altogether necessary; and the sense demands it. See the same, Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 8. ALMELOVEEN.

(Dispositionem) ‹anchor: dispositionem› · lemma note in col 222 Dispositionem. Formam constituendae, seu regendae Reipublicae. Recepta tunc erat ea vox. Apud Lactantium, DISPOSITIONES Dei, lib. ii Instit. cap. 6, et lib. vii cap. 2: In DISPONENDO vitae statu, formandisque moribus, lib. iii, cap. 7. Vide Jac. Gothofredum ad titulum Codicis Theodos. De proximis.

Arrangement. The form of constituting, or governing, the State. That word was then in accepted use. In Lactantius, "the DISPOSITIONS of God", Inst. book 2, ch. 6, and book 7, ch. 2; "in ARRANGING the condition of life and forming morals", book 3, ch. 7. See Jacques Godefroy on the title of the Theodosian Code "De proximis".

(Majores) ‹anchor: majores› · lemma note in col 222 Majores. Id est, duo Augusti Imperatores.

Greater. That is, the two Augusti, the Emperors.

(Duo minores) ‹anchor: duo minores› · lemma note in col 222 Duo minores. Id est, duo Caesares, qui erant Augustis minores.

Two lesser. That is, the two Caesars, who were lesser than the Augusti.

(Cedere noluisset) ‹anchor: cedere noluisset› · lemma note in col 222 Cedere noluisset. Ms., Credere noluissent.

Had been unwilling to yield. The manuscript has Credere noluissent.

(Se sibi, etc.) ‹anchor: se sibi› · lemma note in col 222 Se sibi, etc. Gal. Maximianus minor erat Augustis (Diocletiano et Maximiano Herculio) utpote tantum Caesar; atque erat extremus Caesarum, quia Constantio inferior. Id vero jampridem ferebat molestissime; nam fugato Narseo Persarum Rege (cap. 9), truci vultu ac voce terribili exclamabat: Quousque Caesar? TOINARD.

Himself to himself, etc. Galerius Maximianus was lesser than the Augusti (Diocletian and Maximian Herculius), being only a Caesar; and he was the last of the Caesars, because inferior to Constantius. This indeed he had long borne most grievously; for when Narses, king of the Persians, had been put to flight (ch. 9), he cried out with savage face and terrible voice: "How long Caesar?" TOINARD.

(Jam fluxisse annos quindecim) ‹anchor: jam fluxisse annos quindecim› · lemma note in col 222 Jam fluxisse annos quindecim. Lactantius Div. Institut. lib. iii, cap. 17, ex mente adversariorum, nullum diem, nullum denique temporis punctum EFFLUERE nobis sine voluptate patiamur. JOAN. COLUMB. in Aboensi editione.

That fifteen years had already flowed by. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 3, ch. 17, giving the opponents' view: "let us allow no day, in short no moment of time, to FLOW AWAY from us without pleasure." JEAN COLOMB, in the Åbo edition.

(In Illyricum, id est) ‹anchor: in Illyricum, id est› · lemma note in col 222 In Illyricum, id est. Sic ms. In omnibus fere editis est vel ad ripam. In plerisque impressis est vel, pro id est. In Illyricum, lege cum in Illyricum, juxta doctiores quosque criticos.

Into Illyricum, that is. So the manuscript. In almost all the printed editions there is vel ad ripam. In most printed copies there is vel for id est. For In Illyricum read cum in Illyricum, following all the more learned critics.

(Relegatus) ‹anchor: relegatus› · lemma note in col 222 Relegatus. Ms., religatus.

Banished. The manuscript has religatus.

(Luctaretur) ‹anchor: luctaretur› · lemma note in col 222 Luctaretur. Ita ms. Omnes ferme editi, luctarct.

He was struggling. So the manuscript. Almost all the printed editions have luctarct [as printed].

(Senex languidus) ‹anchor: senex languidus› · lemma note in col 222 Senex languidus. Diocletianus.

The feeble old man. Diocletian.

(printed under page 110) (Et) ‹anchor: et› · lemma note in col 222 Et. Legitur in ms.; deest in editis omnibus.

And. It is read in the manuscript; it is missing in all the printed editions.

(Maximiani senis) ‹anchor: Maximiani senis› · lemma note in col 222 Maximiani senis. Herculii.

Of old Maximian. Herculius.

(Locutus fuisset) ‹anchor: locutus fuisset› · lemma note in col 222 Locutus fuisset. Id est, scribentis quaecumque sibi Galerius locutus fuisset.

Had spoken. That is, [of him] writing down whatever Galerius had spoken to him.

(Fiat et) ‹anchor: fiat et› · lemma note in col 222 Fiat et. Quoniam quod reliquum est hujus capitis subobscurum est et perplexum propter loquentium personarum mutationem, cum Thoma Sparkio, in Dialogi formam cuncta digessimus, praefixis Diocletiani et Galerii litteris nominum initialibus, ut quae alteruter dixerit facilius innotescat.

Let it be done, and. Since the rest of this chapter is somewhat obscure and tangled because of the changes of the persons speaking, we have, with Thomas Spark, arranged it all in the form of a Dialogue, setting the initial letters of the names of Diocletian and Galerius before each part, so that what each of them said may more easily be known.

(Supererat) ‹anchor: supererat› · lemma note in col 222 Supererat. Pro superesset; ut erat, pro esset, apud Ciceronem pro lege Manilia.

Remained. For superesset; as erat for esset in Cicero, For the Manilian Law.

(Quid opus est) ‹anchor: quid opus est› · lemma note in col 222 Quid opus est. Haec sunt verba Galerii Maximiani.

What need is there. These are the words of Galerius Maximianus.

(Ita plane. Nam, etc.) ‹anchor: ita plane. Nam› · lemma note in col 222 Ita plane. Nam, etc. Loquitur Diocletianus. Familiaris Lactantio phrasis: lib. i Div. Institut. c. 11: ITA PLANE. NAM cum idem neque virginibus, neque maritatis unquam pepercisset; et lib. ii, cap. 2: ITA PLANE: (continues)

Just so. For, etc. Diocletian speaks. A phrase familiar to Lactantius: Div. Inst. book 1, ch. 11: "JUST SO. FOR since the same had never spared either virgins or married women"; and book 2, ch. 2: "JUST SO:" (continues)

(printed under page 110)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XVIII, dialogue). The right image is cropped at its right edge; line-final letters lost there are supplied from the evident word. --> (Ita plane. Nam, etc.) ‹anchor: ita plane. Nam› · lemma note, continued, col 223

(continued) quemadmodum vulgus existimat mortuorum animas circa tumulos et corporum suorum reliquias oberrare. Et lib. vi, cap. 24: Licet PLANE. NAM, etc.

(Filius) ‹anchor: filius› · lemma note in col 223 Filius. Abest a ms. et nullum est spatium vacuum.

Son. It is missing from the manuscript, and there is no empty space.

(Maxentius) ‹anchor: Maxentius› · lemma note in col 223 Maxentius. Homo ferus, inquit Aurelius Victor, et inhumanus, nulli carus, ne patri, aut socero quidem Galerio.

Maxentius. "A savage and inhuman man," says Aurelius Victor, "dear to no one, not even to his father or his father-in-law Galerius."

(Ipsius) ‹anchor: ipsius› · lemma note in col 223 Ipsius. Ita ms. At editio Nourrisii habet ipse.

His own. So the manuscript. But Le Nourry's edition has ipse.

(Malae) ‹anchor: malae› · lemma note in col 223 Malae. Bis repetitur in ms. per errorem.

Evil. It is repeated twice in the manuscript by error.

(Adorare) ‹anchor: adorare› · lemma note in col 223 Adorare. Id est, inclinare, incurvare se profunde, ut de Davide ante Jonathan legitur i Reg., cap. xx, v. 41, et ii Reg., cap. 24, v. 21, etc. Eodem sensu etiam saepe sumitur apud medii aevi scriptores. Ita de Diocletiano dicit Eutropius, lib. ix, cap. 16: Regiae consuetudinis formam invexit, adorarique se jussit, cum ante eum cuncti salutarentur.

To do obeisance. That is, to bow, to bend oneself low, as is read of David before Jonathan, 1 Kings [1 Samuel] 20:41, and 2 Kings [2 Samuel] 24:21, etc. It is often taken in the same sense also by writers of the middle age. So Eutropius says of Diocletian, book 9, ch. 16: "He introduced the form of royal custom and ordered obeisance to be done him, whereas before him all were [merely] saluted."

(Constantio) ‹anchor: Constantio› · lemma note in col 223 Constantio. At in ms., Constantius.

To Constantius. But in the manuscript, Constantius.

(Sanctissimus adolescens) ‹anchor: sanctissimus adolescens› · lemma note in col 223 Sanctissimus adolescens. De eodem Constantino Lactantius in libri vii Div. Instit. Epilogo cap. 26: SANCTISSIME Imperator sanctissimus adolescens, Paganorum elogium, id est, integerrimus; ita Cicero Philip. 13. Octavianum Caesarem dixit: sanctissimum adolescentem. Vide et Velleium, lib. ii, cap. 53.

A most upright young man. Of the same Constantine Lactantius, in the Epilogue of Div. Inst. book 7, ch. 26: "MOST HOLY Emperor". "A most upright young man" is a pagan term of praise, that is, "most blameless"; so Cicero, Philippic 13, called Octavian Caesar "a most upright young man". See also Velleius, book 2, ch. 53.

(Decoro) ‹anchor: decoro› · lemma note in col 223 Decoro. In ms., Decore. Mendum est.

Comely. In the manuscript, Decore. It is an error.

(A privatis et optaretur) ‹anchor: a privatis et optaretur› · lemma note in col 223 A privatis et optaretur. Ita ms. Nota hic obiter privatum a milite distingui.

And was desired by private citizens. So the manuscript. Note here in passing that the private citizen is distinguished from the soldier.

(Eratque tunc praesens) ‹anchor: eratque tunc praesens› · lemma note in col 223 Eratque tunc praesens. Submitto doctis meam opinionem, anne Anonymi Valesiani verba hunc admittant sensum: Galerium ideo potius Severum fecisse Caesarem, quod esset ignobilis moribus et ebriosus, quum Constantinus ejusmodi vitia non nosceret, sed longe ab iis esset, tanquam sanctissimus adolescens et probis moribus. Subjiciam ipsa anonymi verba: (Galerius) annos imperavit xix. Severus Caesar ignobilis et moribus et natalibus, ebrius, et ob hoc (ebrietatem maxime) Galerio amicus. Hunc ergo et Maximinum Galerius Caesares fecit, Constantino nihil tale noscente; et mox sequitur de Galerio apud Anonymum: Galerius sic ebriosus fuit, ut juberet temulentus, etc. Id enim nemo facile negabit, nosse, noscere, peritum esse, non raro de vitiis dici; atque hinc princeps Nurrii argumentum non minus incertum, quam ipse Anonymus auctor. BUNEMAN.

And he was then present. I submit my opinion to the learned, whether the words of the Anonymus Valesianus admit this sense: that Galerius made Severus Caesar rather because he was ignoble in character and a drunkard, whereas Constantine knew nothing of such vices but was far from them, as a most upright young man of good character. I shall add the anonymous author's own words: "(Galerius) reigned 19 years. Severus Caesar, ignoble both in character and in birth, a drunkard, and for this reason (drunkenness above all) a friend to Galerius. So Galerius made him and Maximinus Caesars, Constantine knowing nothing of such a thing"; and soon after follows, of Galerius, in the Anonymus: "Galerius was such a drunkard that he gave orders when drunk," etc. For no one will easily deny that nosse, noscere, "to be versed in", is not rarely said of vices; and hence Le Nourry's chief argument is no less uncertain than the Anonymous author himself. BÜNEMANN.

(Diocletiano) ‹anchor: Diocletiano› · lemma note in col 223 Diocletiano. Et sic habet manuscriptus, non Deciano: extendatur membrana, ms. quae hic constricta est. et legatur.

To Diocletian. And so the manuscript has it, not Deciano: let the parchment of the manuscript, which is shrunken here, be stretched out, and let it be read.

(Quid ergo fiet) ‹anchor: quid ergo fiet› · lemma note in col 223 Quid ergo fiet. Loquitur Diocletianus.

What then will happen. Diocletian speaks.

(Ille) ‹anchor: ille› · lemma note in col 223 Ille. Scilicet Maxentius.

He. Maxentius, that is.

(Inquit) ‹anchor: inquit› · lemma note in col 223 Inquit. Galerius.

He says. Galerius.

(Dignus non est) ‹anchor: dignus non est› · lemma note in col 223 Dignus non est. De Maxentio dicitur.

He is not worthy. It is said of Maxentius.

(printed under page 111) (Hic) ‹anchor: hic› · lemma note in cols 223–224 Hic. Constantinus. Verba sunt Diocletiani ad Galerium.

This one. Constantine. These are Diocletian's words to Galerius.

(Ita fiet) ‹anchor: ita fiet› · lemma note in col 224 Ita fiet. Verba Galerii.

So it will be. Galerius's words.

(Inquit) ‹anchor: inquit› · lemma note in col 224 Inquit. Galerius.

He says. Galerius.

(Illumne) ‹anchor: illumne› · lemma note in col 224 Illumne. Loquitur Diocletianus.

Him? Diocletian speaks.

(Temulentum) ‹anchor: temulentum› · lemma note in col 224 Temulentum. Ms., Tumulentum; mendose.

The drunkard. The manuscript has Tumulentum; wrongly.

(Inquit) ‹anchor: inquit› · lemma note in col 224 Inquit. Galerius.

He says. Galerius.

(Militibus fideliter praebuit) ‹anchor: militibus fideliter praebuit› · lemma note in col 224 Militibus fideliter praebuit. Nimirum stipendia, annonam militarem, quam praebendam vocant auctores varii. CUPERUS. Praebuit, melius tamen esset praefuit.

He provided faithfully for the soldiers. That is, pay, the military ration, which various authors call praebenda. CUPER. Praebuit; but praefuit ("commanded") would be better.

(Maximianum) ‹anchor: Maximianum› · lemma note in col 224 Maximianum. Herculium, scilicet.

Maximian. Herculius, that is.

(Ut ab eo induatur) ‹anchor: ut ab eo induatur› · lemma note in col 224 Ut ab eo induatur. Purpura, qua Caesares insigniebantur.

That he may be clothed by him. With the purple, with which the Caesars were distinguished.

(Esto) ‹anchor: esto› · lemma note in col 224 Esto. Loquitur Diocletianus.

So be it. Diocletian speaks.

(Inquit) ‹anchor: inquit› · lemma note in col 224 Inquit. Galerius.

He says. Galerius.

(Daiam) ‹anchor: Daiam› · lemma note in col 224 Daiam. Sive Dazam, filium sororis Galerii, et hoc ipsum Galerium Maximianum dictum in adoptione.

Daia. Or Daza, son of Galerius's sister, and called by this very name Galerius Maximianus on his adoption.

(Jusserat Maximianum vocari de suo nomine) ‹anchor: jusserat Maximianum vocari› · lemma note in col 224 Jusserat Maximianum vocari de suo nomine. Baluzius V. C. in notis agnoscit, hic et fere semper alibi legi in veteri codice Maximianum. Unde suspicio mihi inest, Dazam a Gal. Maximiano de pleno ipsius nomine vocatum fuisse Maximianum, non Maximinum. Etenim in duabus Thermarum Diocletiani inscriptionibus apud Gruterum, p. clxxxviii, 2 et 7 post Constantium et Maximianum Augg. ac Severum Caes. recensetur Maximianus Caesar, qui alius esse nequit a Daza. Adde apud Graecos scriptores eumdem promiscue appellari Maximianum. Existimaverim itaque, quoniam jam duo erant Maximiani (Herculius et Galerius) apud vulgum obtinuisse, ut discriminis ergo, Daza non Maximianus, sed Maximinus diceretur. TOINARD.

He had ordered him to be called Maximianus after his own name. Baluze, that distinguished man, acknowledges in his notes that here and almost always elsewhere Maximianum is read in the old codex. Hence I suspect that Daza was called by Galerius Maximianus, after his own full name, Maximianus, not Maximinus. For in two inscriptions of the Baths of Diocletian in Gruter, p. 188, nos. 2 and 7, after Constantius and Maximian, Augusti, and Severus, Caesar, Maximianus Caesar is listed, who cannot be other than Daza. Add that among the Greek writers the same man is called Maximianus indiscriminately. I should think, then, that since there were already two Maximians (Herculius and Galerius), it prevailed among the common people that, for distinction's sake, Daza should be called not Maximianus but Maximinus. TOINARD.

(Diocletianus nomen ex parte mutaverat ominis causa, etc.) ‹anchor: Diocletianus nomen ex parte mutaverat› · lemma note in col 224 Diocletianus nomen ex parte mutaverat ominis causa, etc. Toinardus legendum censet nomen ex fratre mutuaverat, ominis causa. An enim (inquit) quispiam dicendus est alicujus nomen ex parte mutare, qui aliquod integrum illi adjicit, quale est istud Maximiani impositum Galerio per Diocletianum? Mutuaverat a Lactantio hic usurpatum, pro mutuatus fuerat. Sic enim apud Priscianum lib. viii, de verbo Meto et Metor, Mutuo et Mutuor; et apud Nonium cap. 17, n. 48. Ut vero correctionis istius ratio intelligatur, sciendum est, Maximianum Herculium fuisse a Diocletiano fratrem appellatum, imperii nempe consortio. TOINARD. — Ex parte mutaverat. Hoc est, Galerium jusserat vetus praenomen abjicere, et posthac nominari Maximianum Galerium. Ita non ex toto, sed ex parte nomen ejus mutaverat. Si haec interpretatio in mentem Toinardo venisset, non tantum frustra laborasset, ut probaret legendum esse, nomen ex fratre mutuaverat. HEUMANNUS. — Ominis cau- (continues)

Diocletian had partly changed his name for the sake of the omen, etc. Toinard judges that it should be read "he had borrowed his name from his brother, for the sake of the omen". For (he says) is anyone to be said to change someone's name in part who adds to it some whole name, such as this "Maximianus" put upon Galerius by Diocletian? Mutuaverat is used here by Lactantius for mutuatus fuerat. So in Priscian, book 8, on the verb Meto and Metor, Mutuo and Mutuor; and in Nonius, ch. 17, no. 48. But that the reason for this correction may be understood, it must be known that Maximian Herculius was called "brother" by Diocletian, namely by partnership in the empire. TOINARD. — Ex parte mutaverat: that is, he had ordered Galerius to cast off his old first name and to be called thereafter Maximianus Galerius. So he had changed his name not wholly but in part. If this interpretation had occurred to Toinard, he would not have laboured so much in vain to prove that "nomen ex fratre mutuaverat" should be read. HEUMANN. — For the sake of the om- (continues)

(printed under page 111)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XIX). --> (Diocletianus nomen ex parte mutaverat ominis causa, etc.) ‹anchor: Diocletianus nomen ex parte mutaverat› · lemma note, continued, col 225

(continued) sa. Ms. Hominis, mendose. Cum viris doctis Cupero, Toinardo, aliisque scribo ominis. Dicit autem ominis causa, quia (inquit) sperabat eum sibi tam fidum futurum ac erat Maximianus, cujus nomen alteri dabat, Herculius.

(Maximianus) ‹anchor: Maximianus› · lemma note in col 225 Maximianus. Ita ms. Is erat senex Maximianus Herculius.

Maximian. So the manuscript. This was old Maximian Herculius.

(Quis est hic, quem mihi offers?) ‹anchor: quis est hic, quem mihi offers› · lemma note in col 225 Quis est hic, quem mihi offers? Verba sunt Diocletiani.

Who is this whom you offer me? These are Diocletian's words.

(Inquit) ‹anchor: inquit› · lemma note in col 225 Inquit. Scilicet Galerius.

He says. Galerius, that is.

(Affinis) ‹anchor: affinis› · lemma note in col 225 Affinis. Quia Galerii sororis filius erat.

A kinsman. Because he was the son of Galerius's sister.

(Ille gemebundus) ‹anchor: ille gemebundus› · lemma note in col 225 Ille gemebundus. Diocletianus.

He, groaning. Diocletian.

(Non idoneos) ‹anchor: non idoneos› · lemma note in col 225 Non idoneos. Ms. habet ideos, cum calami ductu sive lineola super de.

Not suitable. The manuscript has ideos, with a pen-stroke or little line over de.

(Probavi eos) ‹anchor: probavi eos› · lemma note in col 225 Probavi eos. Loquitur Galerius.

I have tested them. Galerius speaks.

(Tu videris) ‹anchor: tu videris› · lemma note in col 225 Tu videris. Formula improbantium. Haec et caetera usque ad capitis finem, verba sunt Diocletiani. — Tu videris..... non erit. Loquitur Diocletianus, cujus verbis Lactantius hoc colloquium concludit. In hoc vero colloquio doctiss. Nurr. tantas difficultates esse putavit, ut sine magna animi contentione, et singulis quibusque dialogi hujus verbis ponderatis, nemo facile agnoscere possit, quae a Diocletiano aut Galerio dicta sint; atque ob has tantas difficultates interpretes certas litteras colloquentium verbis diversis addidisse dicit: debuisse vero ipsum Scriptorem ejusmodi notas praefigere. Deinde interpretes, si res tam difficilis fuisset, forsan in assignandis personis hic lapsi essent: sed quum praeter unum Bauldrium omnes verba Diocletiani et Maximiani Galerii recte indicaverint, ea ipsa convenientia testatur de hujus colloquii perspicuitate; imo Baluzius, Columbus, Cuperus, alii nullas notas personarum colloquentium apposuerunt: quod ubi a Toinardo, Cellario, Walchio et nobis factum, non tantae obscuritatis causa, sed eorum in gratiam est factum, qui aut festinant, aut hebetis nimis ingenii sunt, aut in sua sententia libenter ab aliis confirmari volunt. Si quaedam videntur minus clara, eo accidit, quod istud colloquium aliis historicis omnibus ignotum est. Lactantius vero, ut recte Baluzius censuit, qui Nicomediam a Diocletiano fuerat accitus, qui frequens erat in Palatio, melius hanc historiam scire potuit, quam illi, qui postea animum, ad scribendas historias appulerunt. BUN.

You will see to it. A formula of those who disapprove. This and the rest to the end of the chapter are Diocletian's words. — Tu videris..... non erit. Diocletian speaks, with whose words Lactantius concludes this conversation. In this conversation the most learned Le Nourry thought there were such great difficulties that, without great mental effort and weighing each word of this dialogue, no one could easily recognize what was said by Diocletian or by Galerius; and because of these great difficulties he says the translators added fixed letters to the words of the different speakers, but that the Writer himself ought to have prefixed such marks. Then, if the matter had been so difficult, the translators might perhaps have slipped here in assigning the persons; but since all except Baudri alone have rightly indicated the words of Diocletian and of Maximianus Galerius, that very agreement testifies to the clearness of this conversation. Indeed Baluze, Colomb, Cuper and others added no marks of the persons speaking; and where this was done by Toinard, Cellarius, Walch and us, it was done not because of such great obscurity, but for the sake of those who are in a hurry, or are of too dull a mind, or like to be confirmed in their opinion by others. If some things seem less clear, that happens because this conversation is unknown to all other historians. But Lactantius, as Baluze rightly judged, who had been summoned to Nicomedia by Diocletian and was often in the Palace, could know this story better than those who later turned their minds to writing histories. BÜNEMANN.

(Accesserit) ‹anchor: accesserit› · lemma note in col 225 Accesserit. Ita ms. Non, acciderit; quamvis Heumannus cum Galeo optaret legi acciderit.

Shall have come. So the manuscript; not acciderit, although Heumann, with Gale, would like acciderit to be read.

(Kalendis Maiis) ‹anchor: Kalendis Maiis› · lemma note in col 225 Kalendis Maiis. Hinc constat kalendis Maii anni 305. Diocletianum et Maximianum Herculium purpuram deposuisse.

On the Kalends of May. Hence it is established that Diocletian and Maximian Herculius laid down the purple on the Kalends of May in the year 305.

(Priores militum) ‹anchor: priores militum› · lemma note in cols 225–226 Priores militum. Ita ms. Quidam vellent legi primores militum, sicut primores civitatum, infra cap. 21. At utraque lectio bona. Vide not. Cuperi et Glossarium Cangii.

The leading men of the soldiers. So the manuscript. Some would like primores militum to be read, like primores civitatum, below, ch. 21. But both readings are good. See Cuper's note and du Cange's Glossary.

(Extra civitatem) ‹anchor: extra civitatem› · lemma note in col 226 Extra civitatem. Prope Nicomediam.

Outside the city. Near Nicomedia.

(In cujus summo Maximianus, etc.) ‹anchor: in cujus summo Maximianus› · lemma note in col 226 In cujus summo Maximianus, etc. Galerius scilicet Armentarius. — Maximianus ipse. Nurr. p. 258 et p. 279 cum nonnullis exponit de Max. Herculio: sed rectius videtur sumi de Max. Galerio: nam de eo hoc capite sermo infra, et ita pronomen ipse requirit, quod eodem modo de Galerio Maximiano, c. 18. BUN.

On whose summit Maximian, etc. Galerius Armentarius, that is. — Maximianus ipse: Le Nourry, p. 258 and p. 279, with some others, explains it of Maximian Herculius; but it seems more correctly taken of Maximian Galerius: for he is spoken of below in this chapter, and so the pronoun ipse requires, which is used in the same way of Galerius Maximianus, ch. 18. BÜNEMANN.

(Concio militum convocatur. Inquit senex) ‹anchor: concio militum convocatur› · lemma note in col 226 Concio militum convocatur. Inquit senex. Locus, ut putant, mendosus. At ms. legit inquit senex. Quidam reponendum esse putant in qua senex; alii convocetur, inquit senex. Sed vel legas inquietus senex, juxta editos, vel inquit senex, aut etiam concio militum convocetur, inquit senex, cum lacrymis, etc., idem fere est.

An assembly of the soldiers is called. The old man says. A passage, as they think, corrupt. But the manuscript reads inquit senex. Some think in qua senex ("in which the old man") should be restored; others convocetur, inquit senex. But whether you read inquietus senex ("the restless old man"), with the printed editions, or inquit senex, or even "let an assembly of the soldiers be called, says the old man, with tears," etc., it comes to almost the same.

(Maximinum) ‹anchor: Maximinum› · lemma note in col 226 Maximinum. Scilicet Daiam. In ms. semper dicitur Maximianus. Et Graeci et Latini saepe utrumque confundunt. Ubique reposuimus Maximinum, ne qua difficultas lectorem remorari posset.

Maximinus. Daia, that is. In the manuscript he is always called Maximianus. Both Greeks and Latins often confuse the two. We have everywhere put back Maximinus, so that no difficulty might hold up the reader.

(Constantinus astabat) ‹anchor: Constantinus astabat› · lemma note in col 226 Constantinus astabat. Ut protectorum tribunus, ac munia sua obiens; qua enim ratione abfuisset a tam celebri actione?

Constantine was standing by. As tribune of the guards, and discharging his duties; for on what ground would he have been absent from so solemn a proceeding?

(Susum) ‹anchor: susum› · lemma note in col 226 Susum. Pro sursum, est apud Plautum Cistel. Act. II, scen. 3, v. 78.

Up. For sursum; it is in Plautus, Cistellaria, act 2, scene 3, v. 78.

(Haesitare) ‹anchor: haesitare› · lemma note in col 226 Haesitare. In ms. stare: sed in margine eadem manu eodemque atramento esitare, quod non est aliud quam haesitare, quod rectum habet sensum. Editi vero habent sciscitari, bono etiam sensu. Doctiss. igitur Baluzius substituit sciscitari, pro stare, quod est in ms. et esitare in margine, pro haesitare: at eruditus vir Paulus Bauldri, pro susum stare, suspicabatur legendum esse susurrare; quod huic loco convenire potest, aeque ac sciscitari.

To be at a loss. In the manuscript stare; but in the margin, in the same hand and the same ink, esitare, which is nothing other than haesitare, which gives the right sense. The printed editions have sciscitari ("to enquire"), also with good sense. The most learned Baluze therefore substituted sciscitari for stare, which is in the manuscript, and for esitare in the margin, i.e. haesitare; but the learned Paul Baudri suspected that for susum stare one should read susurrare ("to whisper"), which can suit this passage equally with sciscitari.

(Inter se) ‹anchor: inter se› · lemma note in col 226 Inter se. Intellige, quaerentes.

Among themselves. Understand "asking".

(Maximianus) ‹anchor: Maximianus› · lemma note in col 226 Maximianus. Galerius.

Maximian. Galerius.

(Exutum) ‹anchor: exutum› · lemma note in col 226 Exutum. Daiam: ita emendavit inter errata Baluzius, et ita poscit ratio syntaxeos, non exuto, ut in ms. — Exutum vestem privatam. Spark. et Bauldrius malunt, veste privata. Sed fatua lectio ms. quod habet exuto. Noto ad Lact. lib. iv, c. 14: Indutus vestimenta sordida. BUN.

Stripped. Daia: so Baluze corrected among the errata, and so the syntax requires, not exuto, as in the manuscript. — Exutum vestem privatam: Spark and Baudri prefer veste privata. But the manuscript's reading, which has exuto, is senseless. I note on Lactantius book 4, ch. 14: "clothed in filthy garments". BÜNEMANN.

(Orientem calcandum) ‹anchor: Orientem calcandum› · lemma note in col 226 Orientem calcandum. Cic. ii. Philipp. c. 23: Quum Caesar huic... conculcandam Italiam tradidisset. Lact. lib. vi, cap. 18: Dolorem mortemque calcamus. BUN.

The East to be trampled. Cicero, Philippic 2, ch. 23: "when Caesar had handed Italy over to this man... to be trampled". Lactantius, book 6, ch. 18: "we trample on pain and death." BÜNEMANN.

(Insperatae novitate rei) ‹anchor: insperatae novitate rei› · lemma note in col 226 Insperatae novitate rei: Sic fuit emendandum. In manuscripto est: inspiratae novitatem rei; mendose.

By the novelty of the unexpected event: so it had to be corrected. In the manuscript there is inspiratae novitatem rei; wrongly.

(Huic purpuram Diocletianus injecit suam) ‹anchor: huic purpuram Diocletianus injecit› · lemma note in col 226 Huic purpuram Diocletianus injecit suam. Diocletianus sua veste purpurea Maximianum Daiam Caesarem (continues)

Diocletian threw his own purple over him. Diocletian [clothed] Maximianus Daia as Caesar with his own purple robe (continues)

(printed under page 112)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE, keyed by lemma, beginning under the running head below the author's text (ch. XIX–XXI). The right image is cropped at its right edge; line-final letters lost there are supplied from the evident word. --> (Huic purpuram Diocletianus injecit suam) ‹anchor: huic purpuram Diocletianus injecit› · lemma note, continued, col 227

(continued) vestiit: unde colligi potest, easdem tunc fuisse Imperatorum et Caesarum vestes.

(Diocles iterum factus est) ‹anchor: Diocles iterum factus est› · lemma note in col 227 Diocles iterum factus est. Hoc est, privatam egit vitam, ut antequam regendum suscepisset imperium.

He became Diocles again. That is, he lived a private life, as before he had taken up the rule of the empire.

(Patriam) ‹anchor: patriam› · lemma note in col 227 Patriam. Salonas in Dalmatia, cujus ruinae sunt e regione Spalatensis urbis, prope castellum de Clissa. Spalato autem villa erat Diocletiani, ubi obiit. Sic de eo S. Hieron. in Chronico: Diocletianus haud procul a Salonis in villa sua Spalato moritur.

His native land. Salonae in Dalmatia, whose ruins lie opposite the city of Spalato, near the castle of Clissa. At Spalato was Diocletian's villa, where he died. So St Jerome of him in the Chronicle: "Diocletian dies not far from Salonae, in his villa at Spalato."

(Scutarius) ‹anchor: scutarius› · lemma note in col 227 Scutarius. Id est, gregarius miles.

A shield-bearer. That is, a common soldier.

(Protector) ‹anchor: protector› · lemma note in col 227 Protector. Id est, stipator imperatoris custodiae inserviens.

A guardsman. That is, an attendant serving in the emperor's guard.

(Maximianus) ‹anchor: Maximianus› · lemma note in col 227 Maximianus. Galerius.

Maximian. Galerius.

(Senibus expulsis) ‹anchor: senibus expulsis› · lemma note in col 227 Senibus expulsis. Diocletiano et Maximiano Herculio.

The old men having been driven out. Diocletian and Maximian Herculius.

(Et fecit) ‹anchor: et fecit› · lemma note in col 227 Et fecit. Forte effecit. Sic Lactant. lib. vi, cap. 14: Videbimus an efficiant quod velint.

And he did. Perhaps effecit ("he accomplished"). So Lactantius, book 6, ch. 14: "We shall see whether they accomplish what they want."

(Esse rebatur) ‹anchor: esse rebatur› · lemma note in col 227 Esse rebatur. In ms. esse ferebatur. Quidam legunt esse se rebatur: in editis esse ferebat, legitur.

He thought to be. In the manuscript esse ferebatur. Some read esse se rebatur; in the printed editions esse ferebat is read.

(Valitudine) ‹anchor: valitudine› · lemma note in col 227 Valitudine. Ita ms. Consule Dausqueium in orthographicis, voce valitudo, et valetudo.

Health. So the manuscript. Consult Dausque in his orthographical works, at the words valitudo and valetudo.

(Obisset) ‹anchor: obisset› · lemma note in col 227 Obisset. Ms., Novisset; male.

Should have died. The manuscript has Novisset; wrongly.

(A tribus) ‹anchor: a tribus› · lemma note in col 227 A tribus. Scilicet a Galerio, Severo et Maximino.

By three. That is, by Galerius, Severus and Maximinus.

(Ipse) ‹anchor: ipse› · lemma note in col 227 Ipse. Maximianus Galerius.

He himself. Maximianus Galerius.

(printed under page 113) (Vel) ‹anchor: vel› · lemma note in col 227 Vel. Post nominaret, in manuscripto est vacuum spatium duarum litterarum, quas credidi fuisse ūl, propter ductam sursum lineolam, ut hic expressi. Quod si velis litteras fuisse et, fuerit etiam.

Or. After nominaret there is in the manuscript an empty space of two letters, which I believed to have been ūl [an abbreviation of vel], because of the little line drawn above, as I have rendered it here. But if you will have it that the letters were et, it will have been etiam.

(Nuncuparet Augustum atque fratrem) ‹anchor: nuncuparet Augustum atque fratrem› · lemma note in col 227 Nuncuparet Augustum atque fratrem. Ut supra cap. 8 et in legibus divi fratres Marcus et Lucius Antonini. Nec vero id perpetuum; nam et Augusti filios suos Augustos Imperatores fecerunt, ut Severus, Philippus, Theodosius. CELL.

Should name him Augustus and brother. As above, ch. 8, and in the laws, "the deified brothers Marcus and Lucius Antoninus". Not that this was perpetual; for Augusti also made their own sons Augusti and Emperors, as Severus, Philip, Theodosius. CELLARIUS.

(Tunc vero ipse) ‹anchor: tunc vero ipse› · lemma note in col 227 Tunc vero ipse. Ipse Galerius, hoc consilio se oblectans. CELL.

Then he himself. Galerius himself, delighting himself with this plan. CELLARIUS.

(Filio suo) ‹anchor: filio suo› · lemma note in col 227 Filio suo. Candidiano e concubina nato. Nullum enim suscepit filium ex sua uxore Valeria, Diocletiani filia, quae sterilis fuit; ut docet Lactantius infra cap. 50.

His son. Candidianus, born of a concubine. For he had no son by his wife Valeria, Diocletian's daughter, who was barren, as Lactantius tells below, ch. 50.

(Ipse deponeret) ‹anchor: ipse deponeret› · lemma note in col 227 Ipse deponeret. Galerius etiam deponeret imperium, exemplo Diocletiani et Maximiani Herculii.

He himself should lay down. Galerius too would lay down the empire, after the example of Diocletian and Maximian Herculius.

(Candidianus) ‹anchor: Candidianus› · lemma note in col 227 Candidianus. Filius Galerii, tum novennis. CELL.

Candidianus. Son of Galerius, then nine years old. CELLARIUS.

(Inexpugnabili muro) ‹anchor: inexpugnabili muro› · lemma note in col 227 Inexpugnabili muro. Ita solet Lactantius. Lib. iv, c. 27; Tanquam inexpugnabilis murus. BUN.

By an impregnable wall. So Lactantius is wont. Book 4, ch. 27: "like an impregnable wall". BÜNEMANN.

(Hoc consilia eis ostendebant) ‹anchor: hoc consilia eis ostendebant› · lemma note in col 228 Hoc consilia eis ostendebant. Cum viris doctis lego consilia. In ms. est consilio eis; Galerio scilicet, et Licinio, cujus consiliis ad omnia regenda usum fuisse Galerium supra vidimus. Editi habent, consilia ei ostendebant. Doctissimus Graevius legendum esse existimat, Huc consilia ejus tendebant.

To this their counsels pointed them. With learned men I read consilia. In the manuscript there is consilio eis; to Galerius, that is, and Licinius, whose counsels we saw above that Galerius used in governing everything. The printed editions have consilia ei ostendebant. The most learned Graevius thinks it should be read, "To this his counsels tended."

(Adeptus igitur) ‹anchor: adeptus igitur› · lemma note in col 228 Adeptus igitur. Galerius.

Having obtained, then. Galerius.

(Devictos Persas) ‹anchor: devictos Persas› · lemma note in col 228 Devictos Persas. Vide supra, c. 9.

The conquered Persians. See above, ch. 9.

(In servitium se addicant) ‹anchor: in servitium se addicant› · lemma note in col 228 In servitium se addicant. Hic servitium, pro servitute, ut apud Lactantium Epitom. cap 52 ad initium, tradet IN SERVITIUM gentes universas; Div. Institut. lib. ii cap. 1: Totos se libidinibus ADDICUNT; lib. vi cap. 20 et 23: Quia se corpori ADDIXERANT, in quo habet mors potestatem. De instituto seu consuetudine hac Persarum legatur Brissonius.

That they should bind themselves into servitude. Here servitium for servitus, as in Lactantius, Epitome ch. 52, near the beginning: "he will hand over all nations INTO SERVITUDE"; Div. Inst. book 2, ch. 1: "they BIND themselves wholly to their lusts"; book 6, ch. 20 and 23: "because they had BOUND themselves to the body, over which death has power." On this institution or custom of the Persians Brisson should be read.

(Familia) ‹anchor: familia› · lemma note in col 228 Familia. Id est, famulis, servis, ut apud Persas. In ms. est milia tantum, et deest fa.

As a household. That is, as servants, slaves, as among the Persians. In the manuscript there is only milia, and fa is missing.

(Terram) ‹anchor: terram› · lemma note in col 228 Terram. In ms. ērā.

The land. In the manuscript ērā [abbreviated].

(Sic agebat, ut et ipse) ‹anchor: sic agebat, ut et ipse› · lemma note in col 228 Sic agebat, ut et ipse. Heum. Id agebat, ut reapse. Ego quidem mallem. Sic agebat; ut tacite libertatem hominibus auferret. BUN.

He so acted that he too. Heumann: "He aimed at this, that in fact." I for my part should prefer: "He so acted, that he might silently take away men's liberty." BÜNEMANN.

(Torquebantur Decuriones) ‹anchor: torquebantur ab eo non decuriones› · lemma note in col 228 Torquebantur Decuriones. Jure civili Romanorum non licebat torquere Decuriones, ut patet ex Epistola Constantini ad Probianum proconsulem Africae. Postea tamen Constantinus legem tulit, ut Decuriones torqueri liceret in crimine falsi. BALUZ.

Decurions were tortured. By the civil law of the Romans it was not lawful to torture Decurions, as is clear from Constantine's Letter to Probianus, proconsul of Africa. Later, however, Constantine passed a law that Decurions might be tortured on a charge of forgery. BALUZE.

(Civitatum) ‹anchor: civitatum› · lemma note in col 228 Civitatum. In ms., civitatis, et apponitur ū, supra ultimam syllabam.

Of the cities. In the manuscript, civitatis, and ū is set above the last syllable.

(Egregii ac perfectissimi viri) ‹anchor: egregii ac perfectissimi viri› · lemma note in col 228 Egregii ac perfectissimi viri. Dignitates honorariae, de quibus vide Leg. 1 cod. Theod. de honorariis codicillis. Lactantius lib. v Div. Instit. cap. 14: Nemo EGREGIUS, nisi qui bonus et innocens fuerit; nemo CLARISSIMUS, nisi qui opera misericordiae largiter fecerit; nemo PERFECTISSIMUS, nisi qui omnes gradus virtutis impleverit. Perfectissimatus dignitas, ut ait Valesius ad librum xxi Ammiani Marcellini, minor erat clarissimatu; et ut clarissimi apud Praefectum urbis conveniebant, sic perfectissimi apud Vicarium Praefecturam.

Men egregius and perfectissimus. Honorary dignities, on which see Law 1 of the Theodosian Code, On honorary codicils. Lactantius, Div. Inst. book 5, ch. 14 [as printed]: "No one is EGREGIUS but one who has been good and innocent; no one CLARISSIMUS but one who has done works of mercy abundantly; no one PERFECTISSIMUS but one who has fulfilled all the degrees of virtue." The dignity of perfectissimus, as Valois says on book 21 of Ammianus Marcellinus, was lower than that of clarissimus; and as the clarissimi were answerable before the Prefect of the city, so the perfectissimi before the Vicar of the Prefecture.

(Matresfamilias nobiles in Gynaeceum rapiebantur) ‹anchor: matresfamilias ingenuae ac nobiles› · lemma note in col 228 Matresfamilias nobiles in Gynaeceum rapiebantur. Gynaecea, ut vox ipsa loquitur, erant loca destinata operibus muliebribus, in quae interdum poenae loco dejiciebantur et viri et foeminae. Vide Valesii annotationes ad Eusebium, pag. 211, et Cangium in Glossario.

Noble matrons were dragged off to the Gynaeceum. Gynaecea, as the word itself says, were places set apart for women's work, into which at times both men and women were thrown by way of punishment. See Valois's annotations on Eusebius, p. 211, and du Cange in his Glossary.

(printed under page 113)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: the notes are keyed by lemma, with no call marks printed; numbered here [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Gynaeceum› · note in col 229 Gynaeceum. In ms. Geniceum.

Gynaeceum. In the manuscript, Geniceum.

[2] ‹anchor: In stabulo› · note in col 229 In stabulo. Ita ms. non sabulo, ut quibusdam placeret. Stabulum hic, non equorum, sed equuleorum, ejusque generis catastarum accipe, et ubi homines ad palos fixi et prope suspensi stabant. Sic stabulum ferriterium habes apud Plautum, Pers. act. III, scen. 3, v. 13, ex emendatione Gronovii. COLUMBUS.

In stabulo ("in the stable"). So the manuscript, not sabulo ("sand"), as some preferred. Take stabulum here not as a stable for horses but for the rack-horses and scaffolds of that kind, where men stood fixed to stakes and almost hanging. So you have stabulum ferriterium in Plautus, Persa act III, scene 3, v. 13, as emended by Gronovius. COLUMBUS.

[3] ‹anchor: Ad quos nullus unquam servus distendi solebat› · note in col 229 Ad quos nullus unquam servus distendi solebat. Ita ms. nonnulli mallent legere, nisi servus.

"On which no one but a slave was ever stretched." So the manuscript; some would rather read nisi servus ("except a slave").

[4] ‹anchor: Lusorium› · note in col 229 Lusorium. Theatrum, sive amphitheatrum, ubi ludi publici edebantur, ut pluribus ostendit Cangius. Salvianus, lib. VI, pag. 123, secundae editionis Baluz. Acta sanctae Seraphiae virginis et martyris. BALUZ.

Lusorium. A theatre or amphitheatre, where public games were put on, as Du Cange shows at length. Salvian, book VI, p. 123 of Baluze's second edition. The Acts of St Seraphia, virgin and martyr. BALUZE.

[5] ‹anchor: Ferociae› · note in col 229 Ferociae. Ms., Ferocia; mendose.

Ferociae. The manuscript has Ferocia; wrongly.

[6] ‹anchor: Ac magnitudinis suae simillimos› · note in col 229 Ac magnitudinis suae simillimos. Similis secundo casu gaudet apud Lactantium lib. IV, cap. 24, hominum simillimum; lib. III, cap. 20, suorum simillimus; lib. de Ira Dei cap. 18, hominem SIMILEM SUI fecit; et cap. 19, hos Deus ut SUI SIMILES recognoscit; de Opif. cap. 16, SIMILE VERI.

"And most like to their own size." In Lactantius similis delights in the genitive: book IV, ch. 24, hominum simillimum; book III, ch. 20, suorum simillimus; On the Anger of God ch. 18, he made man LIKE HIMSELF; and ch. 19, God recognizes these as LIKE HIMSELF; On the Workmanship of God ch. 16, LIKE THE TRUTH.

[7] ‹anchor: Elegerat› · note in col 229 Elegerat. Ursos, aliis corpulentiores, immaniores, et ferocissimos.

Elegerat ("he had chosen"). Bears bulkier than others, more savage, and most ferocious.

[8] ‹anchor: Nominatim› · note in col 229 Nominatim. Fortasse cuique urso nomen aliquod imposuerat Tyrannus.

Nominatim ("by name"). Perhaps the tyrant had given each bear some name.

[9] ‹anchor: Sed obsorbendi› · note in col 229 Sed obsorbendi. Scilicet ursi lambere et sorbere sanguinem, et ita corpus consumere solent; unde αἱμοδόροις θηρσὶν eos recte accenset Eusebius Hist. Eccles. lib. VIII, cap. 7. Obsorbere autem etiam apud Plautum Truc. 2, 3, 30, occurrit: Quae obsorbent quidquid venit intra pessulos; et Mil. 3, 2, 21, quia enim obsorbui. Ex Virgilio IV Georg. et II Aeneid.

Sed obsorbendi ("but to be sucked up"). That is, bears are wont to lick and suck blood and so consume the body; hence Eusebius, Church History book VIII, ch. 7, rightly counts them among the "blood-[sucking] beasts" (αἱμοδόροις θηρσίν, as printed). Obsorbere also occurs in Plautus, Truculentus 2, 3, 30: "who suck up whatever comes inside the bolts"; and Miles 3, 2, 21, "for I sucked it up." From Virgil, Georgics IV and Aeneid II.

[10] ‹anchor: Objectabantur› · note in col 229 Objectabantur. Pro objiciebantur.

Objectabantur. For objiciebantur ("were thrown").

[11] ‹anchor: Homines... quorum artus cum dissiparentur› · note in col 229 Homines... quorum artus cum dissiparentur. Locutio Lactantiana lib. V Instit. cap. 11: Nemo hujus tantae belluae immanitatem potest pro merito describere, quae... dentibus ferreis... non tantum ARTUS HOMINUM DISSIPAT, sed, etc.

"Men ... whose limbs, when they were torn apart." A Lactantian phrase, Institutes book V, ch. 11: "No one can describe as it deserves the savagery of so great a beast, which ... with iron teeth ... not only TEARS APART THE LIMBS OF MEN, but," etc.

[12] ‹anchor: Et haec ille primo› · note in col 229 Et haec ille primo, etc. Sic lego cum doctissimo viro. In ms. legitur, et exilii primo adversus Christianos permiserat datis legibus. An legendum promserat? Cicero de Legib., lib. I, cap. 22.

"And these he first," etc. So I read, with a most learned man. In the manuscript is read: et exilii primo adversus Christianos permiserat datis legibus. Should promserat be read? Cicero, On the Laws, book I, ch. 22.

[13] ‹anchor: Delegati› · note in col 229 Delegati. Idem quod ligati. Ms., Delegati.

Delegati. The same as ligati ("bound"). The manuscript: Delegati.

[14] ‹anchor: Callum solorum› · note in col 229 Callum solorum. De hac pedum indurata pelle loquitur Cicero, lib. V Tusculanar.

Callum solorum ("the callus of the soles"). Cicero speaks of this hardened skin of the feet, Tusculan Disputations book V.

[15] ‹anchor: Spiritus redderetur› · note in col 229, runs into col 230 Spiritus redderetur. Lactant., lib. V, Institut., cap. 11: Contendunt igitur ut vincant, et exquisitos dolores corporibus immittunt, et nihil devitant, quam ut ne torti moriantur. Et paulo post: Illi autem pertinaci stultitia jubent curam tortis diligenter adhiberi, ut ad alios cruciatus membra renoventur, et reparetur novus sanguis ad poenam. BALUZ.

Spiritus redderetur ("the breath be given up"). Lactantius, Institutes book V, ch. 11: "So they strive to conquer, and inflict exquisite pains on the bodies, and avoid nothing so much as that the tortured should die." And a little after: "But they with stubborn folly order care to be diligently given to the tortured, so that their limbs may be renewed for other torments, and fresh blood be restored for punishment." BALUZE.

[16] ‹anchor: Accidebat› · note in col 230 Accidebat. Ms. Accedebat.

Accidebat. The manuscript: Accedebat.

[17] ‹anchor: Cum per multum diem› · note in col 230 Cum per multum diem, etc. Approbantibus omnibus viris doctis, lego cum, pro tunc, quod est in ms. totidem tractuum numero.

"When for much of the day," etc. With the approval of all learned men I read cum for tunc, which is in the manuscript, with the same number of strokes.

[18] ‹anchor: Lecta ossa et in pulverem comminuta› · note in col 230 Lecta ossa et in pulverem comminuta. Eodem pertinent verba libri V Institut., cap. 11: Nemo hujus tantae belluae immanitatem potest pro merito describere, quae uno loco recubans, tamen per totum orbem dentibus ferreis saevit, et non tantum artus hominum dissipat, sed et ossa ipsa comminuit, et in cineres furit, ne quis exstet sepulturae locus, quasi vero id affectent qui Deum confitentur, ut ad eorum sepulcra veniatur. Legere ossa hic est conferre, colligere. BUN.

"The bones gathered and ground to powder." To the same point are the words of Institutes book V, ch. 11: "No one can describe as it deserves the savagery of so great a beast, which, lying in one place, yet rages through the whole world with iron teeth, and not only tears apart the limbs of men but grinds the very bones and rages against the ashes, so that no place of burial may remain, as though those who confess God sought this, that men should come to their tombs." Legere ossa here is to bring together, to collect. BÜNEMANN.

[19] ‹anchor: In flumine ac mare› · note in col 230 In flumine ac mare. Ita ms., nec aliter legendum. Nam olim, ut apud Nasonem et Varronem, scribebatur mare in sexto casu: quem cum propositione in, pro quarto positum non semel offendes apud Lactantium. Vide Columbi notam ad hunc locum. Jactabantur, pro jaciebantur. Heumannus tamen vult legi in flumen ac mare.

"In the river and the sea" (mare). So the manuscript, and it should not be read otherwise. For of old, as in Naso and Varro, mare was written in the ablative; which, with the preposition in, you will more than once find in Lactantius put for the accusative. See Columbus's note on this place. Jactabantur, for jaciebantur. Heumann, however, wants in flumen ac mare read.

[20] ‹anchor: Nulla poena penes eum levis› · note in col 230 Nulla poena penes eum levis. In veteri exemplari legitur, nulla penis eum levis. Pessima lectio bonam nobis indicavit. BALUZ.

"No punishment with him was light." In the old copy is read nulla penis eum levis. A very bad reading has shown us the good one. BALUZE.

[21] ‹anchor: Insulae› · note in col 230 Insulae. Ms. Insolae.

Insulae. The manuscript: Insolae.

[22] ‹anchor: Carceres› · note in col 230 Carceres. Ms. Incarceris.

Carceres. The manuscript: Incarceris.

[23] ‹anchor: Illo... quotidiana› · note in col 230 Illo... quotidiana. Ms., Illa... cotidiano.

Illo ... quotidiana. The manuscript: Illa ... cotidiano.

[24] ‹anchor: Facilia› · note in col 230 Facilia... Id est, facile concessa. ALMELOV.

Facilia ... That is, easily granted. ALMELOVEEN.

[25] ‹anchor: Domestici› · note in col 230 Domestici. Erant qui varias in scholas divisi intra palatium familiarius militabant, ita tamen, ut aliqui nonnunquam mitterentur in provincias. BUN.

Domestici. These were men who, divided into various scholae, served on closer terms within the palace, yet so that some were at times sent into the provinces. BÜNEMANN.

[26] ‹anchor: Administratores› · note in col 230 Administratores. In aula ministrantes.

Administratores. Those serving at court.

[27] ‹anchor: In curia poena capitis et animadversio gladii› · note in col 230 In curia poena capitis et animadversio gladii. Sic lego, approbante eruditissimo viro, nulla aut levissima mutatione facta. In manuscripto enim legitur, In ca poena capitis et animadversio gladii; mendose. Editi habent In causa capitis et animadversio gladii, omisso poena.

"In the curia, capital punishment and the sword." So I read, with a most learned man's approval, making no change or a very slight one. For in the manuscript is read In ca poena capitis et animadversio gladii; wrongly. The editions have In causa capitis et animadversio gladii, leaving out poena.

[28] ‹anchor: Quasi beneficium› · note in col 230 Quasi beneficium. Sic lego cum duobus doctis viris, pro beneficii, quod est in manuscripto; nec opus est voce loco addita.

Quasi beneficium ("as a favour"). So I read, with two learned men, for beneficii, which is in the manuscript; nor is there need of the word loco added.

[29] ‹anchor: Bonam mortem› · note in col 230 Bonam mortem. Id est, non coactam vi tormentorum, nec in publico patibulo turpem scilicet ac ignominiosam: sed facilem, et privatim, ut est venarum prosectio, vel venenum, saepe ad libitum reorum. Vide infra, cap. 26 ad finem. In ms., bona morte.

Bonam mortem ("a good death"). That is, not forced by violence of torture, nor, of course, shameful and ignominious on a public gibbet; but easy and in private, such as the opening of the veins or poison, often at the choice of the accused. See below, ch. 26 at the end. In the manuscript, bona morte.

[30] ‹anchor: Jam illa huic› · note in col 230 Jam illa huic. Reposui huic, scilicet Galerio, pro his. Vide praecedentia didicerat,... exercebat,... in illo.

Jam illa huic ("now those things to him"). I have restored huic, namely Galerius, for his. See the preceding didicerat, ... exercebat, ... in illo.

[31] ‹anchor: Execrati› · note in col 230 Execrati. Passive, ut infra metiebantur.

Execrati ("cursed"). Passive, as metiebantur below.

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. The right edge of col 232 is cropped in the image; letters supplied at the cut are in ‹ ›. --> [1] ‹anchor: Assessoribus› · note in col 231 Assessoribus. Id est, consiliariis.

Assessoribus. That is, counsellors.

[2] ‹anchor: Omnium fuit› · note in col 231 Omnium fuit. Ita ms. Duo viri docti suspicantur, pro omnium, legendum esse initium.

Omnium fuit. So the manuscript. Two learned men suspect that initium should be read for omnium.

[3] ‹anchor: Semel missus› · note in col 231 Semel missus. Illi duo eruditi, pro semel, mallent simul. Utrumque in ms. saepe confunditur.

Semel missus ("sent once"). Those two scholars would prefer simul for semel. The two are often confused in the manuscript.

[4] ‹anchor: Glebatim› · note in col 231 Glebatim. Ita in ms. Id est, de gleba ad glebam. ALMELOV.

Glebatim. So in the manuscript. That is, clod by clod. ALMELOVEEN.

[5] ‹anchor: Metiebantur› · note in col 231 Metiebantur. Metiebantur, passive; ita quoque apud Arnobium, et apud Quint. Curtium, lib. III. In ms., mitiebantur.

Metiebantur. Metiebantur ("were measured"), passive; so also in Arnobius and in Quintus Curtius, book III. In the manuscript, mitiebantur.

[6] ‹anchor: Scribebantur› · note in col 231 Scribebantur. Id est, annotabantur; in tabulas eorum numerus et species referebantur, ut inde pro iis vectigal solveretur. Sic scriptura non semel apud Ciceronem pro vectigali sumitur.

Scribebantur. That is, they were noted down; their number and kind were entered in the registers, so that tax might be paid on them accordingly. So scriptura is more than once taken in Cicero for a tax.

[7] ‹anchor: Adunatae› · note in col 231 Adunatae. Quo vocabulo utitur etiam Lactantius de Opificio Dei, cap. 17, sub finem.

Adunatae. A word Lactantius also uses in On the Workmanship of God, ch. 17, near the end.

[8] ‹anchor: Fora omnia› · note in col 231 Fora omnia. Ms., Foras omnia; mendose.

Fora omnia. The manuscript: Foras omnia; wrongly.

[9] ‹anchor: Suspendebantur› · note in col 231 Suspendebantur. Adde ex Equuleo.

Suspendebantur ("were hung up"). Add: from the rack-horse.

[10] ‹anchor: Fidelissimi quique servi contra dominos vexabantur› · note in col 231 Fidelissimi quique servi contra dominos vexabantur. Contra regulam juris, quae vetat servos in dominorum caput interrogari.

"All the most faithful slaves were tormented against their masters." Against the rule of law, which forbids slaves to be questioned against their masters' life.

[11] ‹anchor: Si omnia defecerant› · note in col 231 Si omnia defecerant. Ita ms. Quidam viri docti legere volunt: si tormenta, vel tormina defecerant. Mallem: si haec omnia defecerant.

Si omnia defecerant ("if all had failed"). So the manuscript. Some learned men want to read si tormenta, or tormina, defecerant. I would prefer si haec omnia defecerant.

[12] ‹anchor: Ipsi contra se torquebantur› · note in col 231 Ipsi contra se torquebantur. Id est tormentis huc adigebantur, ut se ipsos accusarent, quasi et convincerent. Amat Lactantius tales argutias. Sic divin. Institut., lib. V, cap. 2: Ipse adversus se gravis censor, et accusator acerrimus; lib. 6, cap. 6: Et gradus per quos ascenderunt amputant, ne quis illos contra se ipsos possit imitari; lib. I, cap. 18, et lib. II, cap. 1, lib. VI, cap. 8: Ipse se fugiet.

Ipsi contra se torquebantur ("they were tortured against themselves"). That is, by torments they were driven to accuse themselves and, as it were, convict themselves too. Lactantius loves such turns. So Divine Institutes book V, ch. 2: "himself a severe censor and fiercest accuser against himself"; book 6, ch. 6: "and they cut away the steps by which they climbed, lest anyone could imitate them against themselves"; book I, ch. 18, and book II, ch. 1; book VI, ch. 8: "he will flee himself."

[13] ‹anchor: Adscribebantur› · note in col 231 Adscribebantur. Id est, annotabantur possessiones etiam quae non habebantur, ut eas vel earum pretium fisco addicerent.

Adscribebantur. That is, possessions were noted down even that were not held, so that they might make them, or their value, over to the treasury.

[14] ‹anchor: Valitudinis› · note in col 231 Valitudinis. Ita ms. Praemittendum est nulla, vel aut, quod excidit ex ms. Heuman. scribit, vel valitudinis.

Valitudinis. So the manuscript. Nulla, or aut, must be put before it, which has dropped out of the manuscript. Heumann writes vel valitudinis.

[15] ‹anchor: Parvulis adjiciebantur anni, senibus detrahebantur› · note in col 231 Parvulis adjiciebantur anni, senibus detrahebantur. En tibi utriusque rei causam ex Ulpiano de Censibus, Digest., lib. L, tit. 15, § ubi ille: Aetatem, ait, in censendo significare necesse est: quia quibusdam aetas tribuit, ne tributo onerentur; veluti in Syriis a quatuordecim annis masculi, a duodecim foeminae usque ad sexagesimum quintum annum tributo capitis obligantur. Aetas autem spectatur censendi tempore. BAULDRI.

"Years were added to little children, taken from the old." Here is the reason for both, from Ulpian On Censuses, Digest book L, title 15, §, where he says: "In the census one must state the age, because age grants to some that they be not burdened with tax; as among the Syrians males from fourteen years and females from twelve are bound to the poll-tax up to the sixty-fifth year. Age, however, is reckoned at the time of the census." BAULDRI.

[16] ‹anchor: Parvulis adjiciebantur anni› · note in col 232 — Parvulis adjiciebantur anni, ut possent torqueri, vel potius ut tributum penderent. Nam legibus Imperatorum cautum erat, ut qui verbi causa annos decem non haberent, quique plus quam sexaginta na‹ti› essent, tributum capitis solvere non tenerentur, u‹t› patet ex lib. III D. de Censibus; lib. IV et 6 Cod. Theod. eodem, ubi potest videri Jac. Gothofredus.

"Years were added to little children," so that they could be tortured, or rather so that they should pay tax. For it was provided by the Emperors' laws that those who, for example, were not ten years old, and those born more than sixty years before, were not bound to pay the poll-tax, as is clear from book III of the Digest, On Censuses; book IV and 6 of the Theodosian Code, same title, where Jacques Godefroy may be seen.

[17] ‹anchor: Quae veteres› · note in col 232 Quae veteres. Scilicet Romani. Nullam invenio causam immutandae hujus lectionis, quae est in ms. et subsistere potest. Editores sequendo Baluzium substituerunt victores.

Quae veteres ("which the ancients"). That is, the Romans. I find no reason to change this reading, which is in the manuscript and can stand. The editors, following Baluze, substituted victores.

[18] ‹anchor: Haec illae› · note in col 232 Haec illae. Ms., Et ille; male ab amanuensi.

Haec illae. The manuscript: Et ille; a copyist's error.

[19] ‹anchor: Parentes› · note in col 232 Parentes. Id est, majores, propter matrem transdanubianam.

Parentes. That is, his forebears, on account of his mother from beyond the Danube.

[20] ‹anchor: Daciis› · note in col 232 Daciis. Ita ms. cum duplici i. Erat enim duplex Dacia, superior, et inferior; et apud Paulinum Nol. Episcop., carm. 17, ad Nicaeam. v. 249.

Daciis. So the manuscript, with a double i. For there was a twofold Dacia, upper and lower; and so in Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, Poem 17, to Nicetas, v. 249.

[21] ‹anchor: Et uterque Dacus› · note in col 232 Et uterque Dacus. Vides supra, census in provincias missus. Ideoque nihil mutare volui. Utraque lectio bona.

Et uterque Dacus. You see above, "the census sent into the provinces." And therefore I chose to change nothing. Both readings are good.

[22] ‹anchor: Post hoc› · note in col 232 Post hoc. Heumann. legit post haec.

Post hoc. Heumann reads post haec.

[23] ‹anchor: Hisdem› · note in col 232 Hisdem. Lege iisdem.

Hisdem. Read iisdem.

[24] ‹anchor: Mortales› · note in col 232 Mortales. Hac voce pro homines utitur Lact., l. I, Div. Inst., Opus quod ipse ad propagandam sobolem mortalibus tribuit; l. VII, c. 15, Mortalia sunt opera mortalium; ibid., c. 14, mortales quosdam; et alibi passim. Item mortalitas eodem sensu, l. IV, c. 21.

Mortales. Lactantius uses this word for "men," Divine Institutes book I: "the work which he himself gave to mortals for propagating offspring"; book VII, ch. 15, "the works of mortals are mortal"; ibid., ch. 14, "certain mortals"; and elsewhere passim. Likewise mortalitas in the same sense, book IV, ch. 21.

[25] ‹anchor: Et nihil minus› · note in col 232 Et nihil minus. Almelov. Gal. et edit. Aboensis, et nihilominus.

Et nihil minus. Almeloveen, the Galland edition and the Åbo edition: et nihilominus.

[26] ‹anchor: Quos ab omni genere injuriae tutos miseria et infelicitas fecerat› · note in col 232 Quos ab omni genere injuriae tutos miseria et infelicitas fecerat. Lactantius, Epitom., c. 59, ante finem, se tutos ab injuriis facerent. Attamen vir quidam eruditus volebat legere, ut in ms., injuria aetatis, seu temporum, Gallice par le malheur des temps. — Miseria et infelicitas. In ms., Miseriae et infelicitatis; mendose.

"Whom misery and misfortune had made safe from every kind of wrong." Lactantius, Epitome ch. 59, before the end: "should make themselves safe from wrongs." Yet a certain learned man wanted to read, as in the manuscript, injuria aetatis, or temporum, in French "by the misfortune of the times." — Miseria et infelicitas. In the manuscript, Miseriae et infelicitatis; wrongly.

[27] ‹anchor: Homo impius› · note in col 232 Homo impius. Ita ms. Mallem cum nonnullis viris doctis legere homo pius, ironice, propter vocabulum misericordem quod sequitur in manuscripto, non immisericordem.

Homo impius ("the impious man"). So the manuscript. I would prefer, with some learned men, to read homo pius ("the pious man"), ironically, because of the word misericordem ("merciful") which follows in the manuscript, not immisericordem.

[28] ‹anchor: Ita dum cavit› · note in col 232 Ita dum cavit. Quidam vellent legere cavet, propter subterfugiat quod sequitur in ms. vel legendum subterfugeret. Sic Tollius, Columbus et Heumannus.

Ita dum cavit. Some would read cavet, because of subterfugiat which follows in the manuscript; or subterfugeret should be read. So Tollius, Columbus and Heumann.

[29] ‹anchor: Virorum miserorum› · note in col 232 Virorum miserorum. Ita ms. Mallem verorum miserorum.

Virorum miserorum ("of wretched men"). So the manuscript. I would prefer verorum miserorum ("of the truly wretched").

[30] ‹anchor: Contra omne jus humanitatis occidit› · note in col 232, continues Contra omne jus humanitatis occidit. Ita et Lactan- (continues)

"He killed, against every law of humanity." So also Lactan[tius] … (continues)

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. Signature line "PATROL. VII." and sheet number "8" at the foot are not notes. --> [1] ‹anchor: Contra omne jus humanitatis occidit› · note in col 233

(continued) tius, Div. Inst., l. V, c. 19: In iisne mala mens est, contra jus humanitatis, contra fas omne lacerantur; et c. 22: Nec alienum quidquam concupiscit, ne quem contra jus humanitatis laedat oratio; l. VI, c. 10: Ergo pro belluis immanibus sunt habendi qui hominibus nocent, qui contra jus humanitatis et fas omne spoliant, cruciant, occidunt, exterminant. Vide etiam cap. 20, si lubet.

[2] ‹anchor: Jam propinquavit illi judicium Dei› · note in col 233 Jam propinquavit illi judicium Dei. Videtur auctor in mente habuisse illud II Machab., c. IX, v. 18: Supervenerat enim in eum justum Dei judicium. Verbum autem propinquare poeticum est ex Plauti Truculento, act. II, scen. 6, aut ex Virgilio; estque etiam infra initio, c. 46. Est et apud Lactantium, Div. Inst., l. II, c. 8: Corruptibile incorrupto propinquare non potest; lib. VII, c. 14, cujus judicii propinquare tempus ostendam; et infra, eodem lib. VII, c. 24: Et jam propinquare summum illum conclusionis extremae diem; et l. II, c. 9, necnon epitom., c. 71.

"Now the judgement of God drew near to him." The author seems to have had in mind 2 Maccabees 9:18: "For the just judgement of God had come upon him." The verb propinquare is poetic, from Plautus's Truculentus, act II, scene 6, or from Virgil; and it is also below at the beginning of ch. 46. It is in Lactantius too, Divine Institutes book II, ch. 8: "The corruptible cannot draw near to the incorrupt"; book VII, ch. 14, "I will show that the time of that judgement draws near"; and below in the same book VII, ch. 24: "And that now the supreme day of the final close draws near"; and book II, ch. 9, and the Epitome, ch. 71.

[3] ‹anchor: Res ejus dilabi ac fluere› · note in col 233 Res ejus dilabi ac fluere. Respicit notum illud Virgilii, Aeneid., lib. II, v. 169: Ex illo fluere, ac retro sublapsa referri / Spes Danaum.

"His affairs to slip and ebb away." He looks to that well-known line of Virgil, Aeneid book II, v. 169: "From that time the hope of the Danaans ebbed, and slipping back was borne away."

[4] ‹anchor: Laboraret› · note in col 233 Laboraret. Adde morbo.

Laboraret ("he was suffering"). Add: from illness.

[5] ‹anchor: Et quidem jamdudum› · note in col 233 Et quidem jamdudum. Approbante doctissimo viro, pro quem, reponere malui quidem leviori mutatione, quam addere duo verba frustra repetierat, cum nulla sit in ms. lacuna.

Et quidem jamdudum. With a most learned man's approval I chose to restore quidem for quem, the lighter change, rather than add the two words frustra repetierat, since there is no gap in the manuscript.

[6] ‹anchor: Nam et in insidiis› · note in col 233 Nam et in insidiis. Praepositionem in habet ms. codex.

Nam et in insidiis. The manuscript codex has the preposition in.

[7] ‹anchor: Dei manus hominem protegebat› · note in col 233 Dei manus hominem protegebat. Idem Lact., Div. Inst., l. II, c. 15: Quos Dei manus potens et excelsa protegit.

"The hand of God protected the man." The same Lactantius, Divine Institutes book II, ch. 15: "those whom the mighty and lofty hand of God protects."

[8] ‹anchor: In ipso cardine› · note in col 233 In ipso cardine. Id est, in ipso articulo vel in ipsa liberationis opportunitate; in ultimo et decretorio momento. BAULDRI. Ex Virgil., I Aeneid., v. 676.

In ipso cardine ("at the very hinge"). That is, at the very juncture, or at the very opportunity of deliverance; at the last and decisive moment. BAULDRI. From Virgil, Aeneid I, v. 676.

[9] ‹anchor: In ipso cardine› · note in col 233 In ipso cardine. Sic Lactantius, Div. Inst., l. II, c. 8: Hic est ergo cardo rerum, hic vertuntur omnia. Similiter lib. III, c. 7, et libro de Ira Dei, c. 6: In ea enim summa omnis et cardo religionis pietatisque versatur. COLUMB.

In ipso cardine. So Lactantius, Divine Institutes book II, ch. 8: "This then is the hinge of things; on this all things turn." Similarly book III, ch. 7, and On the Anger of God, ch. 6: "For in this turns the whole sum and hinge of religion and piety." COLUMBUS.

[10] ‹anchor: Namque saepius cum jamdiu necare non posset› · note in col 233 Namque saepius cum jamdiu necare non posset. Nullum autumo vocabulum addendum; nec mutandum diu in diutius, necare in negare. Jamdiu illum clam necare voluisset, nec poterat, nulla habita occasione apta; palam enim non audebat; supra.

"For often, when he had long been unable to kill him." I judge no word is to be added; nor diu changed to diutius, nor necare to negare. He had long wished to kill him secretly, and could not, having no fit occasion; for openly he did not dare; above.

[11] ‹anchor: Sigillum› · note in col 233 Sigillum. Id est, epistolam dimissoriam sigillo munitam. Vide Cangii glossarium.

Sigillum ("the seal"). That is, a letter of dismissal secured with a seal. See Du Cange's glossary.

[12] ‹anchor: Acceptis mandatis› · note in col 233 Acceptis mandatis. Quae (ut existimo) ad patrem Constantium ferret.

Acceptis mandatis ("having received orders"). Which (as I think) he was to carry to his father Constantius.

[13] ‹anchor: Teneretur› · note in col 234 Teneretur. Id est, retineretur a Severo. Quippe e Nicomedia eunti in Galliam pergendum erat per Italiam, ubi Severus imperitabat. Fragmentum de Constantio Chloro, p. 471: Qui ut Severum per Italiam transiens vitaret, summa festinatione veredis post se truncatis Alpes transgressus, ad patrem Constantium venit apud Bononiam.

Teneretur ("he might be held"). That is, detained by Severus. For one going from Nicomedia into Gaul had to go through Italy, where Severus ruled. The fragment on Constantius Chlorus, p. 471: "He, to avoid Severus while crossing Italy, crossed the Alps in the utmost haste, maiming the post-horses behind him, and came to his father Constantius at Bononia."

[14] ‹anchor: Sublatis› · note in col 234 Sublatis. Zozimus in libro II narrat Constantium, veritum ne forte fugiens apprehenderetur, equos stabularios quos respublica alebat, cum primum aliquod stabulum attigisset, mutilasse et inutiles reliquisse, cumque id de loco in locum pergens faceret, exclusisse ab ulteriore progressione persequentes. Eadem ferme leguntur in epitome Victoris.

Sublatis ("having been removed"). Zosimus in book II relates that Constantius, fearing he might be caught in his flight, maimed the stable horses which the State kept as soon as he reached any post-station and left them useless, and doing this as he went from place to place, cut off his pursuers from going further. Almost the same is read in Victor's Epitome.

[15] ‹anchor: Evolavit› · note in col 234 Evolavit. Scribe cum Heumanno avolavit, quo verbo utitur Cicero lib. I Tusculan. cap. 43, me hinc avolaturum, inquit.

Evolavit ("he flew off"). Write with Heumann avolavit, a verb Cicero uses in Tusculans book I, ch. 43: "that I shall fly away hence," he says.

[16] ‹anchor: Nudatus ei cursus publicus› · note in col 234 Nudatus ei cursus publicus. Ita ms. Id est, nulli erant in mansionibus equi publici cursuri, quia eos mutilaverat Constantinus.

"The public post was stripped bare for him." So the manuscript. That is, there were no public horses at the stations able to run, because Constantine had maimed them.

[17] ‹anchor: Ei› · note in col 234 Ei In ms. eis, mendose.

Ei. In the manuscript eis, wrongly.

[18] ‹anchor: Ei... imperium per manus tradidit› · note in col 234 Ei... imperium per manus tradidit. Lactantius lib. II, Divin. Institut. cap. 4: Vixit enim usque ad senectutem, regnumque per manus filio tradidit.

"He handed the empire to him from hand to hand." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book II, ch. 4: "For he lived to old age, and handed the kingdom from hand to hand to his son."

[19] ‹anchor: Militibus commendato› · note in col 234 Militibus commendato. Nam et patris voluntate et militum una consensu imperium est consecutus. CELL.

Militibus commendato ("commended to the soldiers"). For he obtained the empire both by his father's will and by the consent of the soldiers together. CELLARIUS.

[20] ‹anchor: In lecto suo requiem vitae accepit› · note in col 234 In lecto suo requiem vitae accepit. Fasti Idatiani Constantio VI et Maximiano VI Consulibus: His Consulibus diem functus Constantius, et postea levatus est Constantinus VIII Kal. Augusti. Chronicon Eusebii: Constantius, sexto decimo imperii anno diem obiit in Britannia, Eboraci; ibidemque sepultus est, si vera sunt quae de ejus tumulo narrantur a doctissimo viro Guillelmo Camdeno, pagina 572 Britanniae. Contigit istud anno Christi CCCVI, ut recte adversus Petavium contendit Valesius in annotationibus ad Eusebium; et quidem die VIII kalend. augusti. BALUZ.

"He received the rest of life in his own bed." The Fasti of Idatius, in the sixth consulship of Constantius and sixth of Maximian: "In this consulship Constantius died, and afterwards Constantine was raised up, on the eighth day before the Kalends of August." Eusebius's Chronicle: "Constantius died in the sixteenth year of his reign in Britain, at York"; and he was buried there, if what the most learned William Camden relates about his tomb, page 572 of the Britannia, is true. This happened in the year of Christ 306, as Valesius rightly maintains against Petavius in his notes on Eusebius; and indeed on the eighth day before the Kalends of August. BALUZE.

[21] ‹anchor: Nihil egit prius, quam Christianos cultui ac Deo suo reddere› · note in col 234 Nihil egit prius, quam Christianos cultui ac Deo suo reddere. Ita ms. per Hellenismum. Alioquin legendum esset, quam ut... redderet. Lactantius in praefatione libri I Div. Institut. ad Constantinum: Nam cum ille dies felicissimus orbi terrarum illuxisset, quo te Deus summus ad beatum Imperii culmen evexit, salutarem universis et optabilem principatum praeclaro initio auspicatus es, cum eversam sublatamque justitiam reducens, teterrimum aliorum facinus expiasti.

"He did nothing before restoring the Christians to their worship and their God." So the manuscript, by a Hellenism. Otherwise one would have to read quam ut ... redderet. Lactantius in the preface to Divine Institutes book I, to Constantine: "For when that most happy day had dawned on the world on which God most high raised you to the blessed summit of Empire, you began a rule saving and longed-for by all with a splendid beginning, when, bringing back justice overthrown and taken away, you atoned for the foulest crime of others."

[22] ‹anchor: Prima ejus sanctio, sanctae Religionis restitutae› · note in col 234, continues Prima ejus sanctio, sanctae Religionis restitutae. Sic ms. restitutae, pro restitutio. Ita dicitur missa, pro missio; relata, pro relatio; Ascensa, pro Ascensio; defensa, pro defensio; accessa, pro accessio; exposita, pro expositio; (continues)

"His first enactment, of holy Religion restored." So the manuscript: restitutae for restitutio. So missa is said for missio; relata for relatio; Ascensa for Ascensio; defensa for defensio; accessa for accessio; exposita for expositio; (continues)

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Prima ejus sanctio, sanctae Religionis restitutae› · note in col 235

(continued) remissa, pro remissio, apud Tertullianum et S. Cyprianum Lactantii populares. — Sanctio. Heum. legit, functio. Nihil videtur corrigendum: sic cap. 48. Hujus sanctionis nostrae benevolentiae forma; et denuo: Hujus benevolentiae nostrae sanctio. Mox ms. restituta. Vitiose. BUN.

[2] ‹anchor: Laureata imago ejus allata est› · note in col 235 Laureata imago ejus allata est. Ejus, scilicet Constantini. Laureatam imaginem dixit Lactantius, quoniam qui res laetas et bene gestas nuntiabant, laureatas tabellas afferebant, ut pluribus explicat Salmasius in Notis ad Lampridium, pag. 235. BALUZ.

"His laurelled image was brought." His, that is, Constantine's. Lactantius said "laurelled image" because those who announced glad tidings and successes brought laurelled tablets, as Saumaise explains at length in his Notes on Lampridius, p. 235. BALUZE.

[3] ‹anchor: Ad malam bestiam› · note in col 235 Ad malam bestiam. Galerium Maximianum, qui ut crudelis persecutor a Lactantio vocatur. Mala bestia. Vide supra Not. ad cap. 2 et 16 ejusdem libri.

Ad malam bestiam ("to the evil beast"). Galerius Maximian, who as a cruel persecutor is so called by Lactantius: "evil beast." See above, the notes on ch. 2 and 16 of the same book.

[4] ‹anchor: Res fuit› · note in col 235 Res fuit. Ms., rex fuit.

Res fuit. The manuscript: rex fuit.

[5] ‹anchor: Amici› · note in col 235 Amici. Id est, qui erant a consiliis.

Amici ("friends"). That is, those who were of his council.

[6] ‹anchor: Flexissent› · note in col 235 Flexissent. Pro deflexissent; simplex pro composito, quod Lactantio, ut saepe diximus, familiare est.

Flexissent. For deflexissent; the simple verb for the compound, which is habitual with Lactantius, as we have often said.

[7] ‹anchor: Suscepturi› · note in col 235 Suscepturi. Ms., suscepturum.

Suscepturi. The manuscript: suscepturum.

[8] ‹anchor: Ad eum concursuri alacritate summa, si venisset armatus› · note in col 235 Ad eum concursuri alacritate summa, si venisset armatus. Ms., ad eum concursas alacritate summa, si invenisset armatus.

"Ready to rush to him with the greatest eagerness, if he had come in arms." The manuscript: ad eum concursas alacritate summa, si invenisset armatus.

[9] ‹anchor: Turbatae rationes› · note in col 235 Turbatae rationes. In ms., turba rationes per errorem.

Turbatae rationes ("his reckonings were upset"). In the manuscript, turba rationes, by mistake.

[10] ‹anchor: Nec poterat alterum extra numerum nuncupare› · note in col 235 Nec poterat alterum extra numerum nuncupare. Id est, praeter quatuor, ne mutaret Diocletiani dispositionem, quam ipse tantopere dixerat debere custodiri, supra cap. 18. BALUZ.

"Nor could he name another beyond the number." That is, beyond four, lest he change Diocletian's arrangement, which he himself had said so emphatically ought to be kept, above ch. 18. BALUZE.

[11] ‹anchor: Illud excogitavit› · note in col 235 Illud excogitavit. Lactantius de Opif. Dei cap. 3: Quid enim excogitabit? quid faciet? quid molietur?

Illud excogitavit ("he devised this"). Lactantius, On the Workmanship of God ch. 3: "For what will he devise? what will he do? what will he contrive?"

[12] ‹anchor: Non imperatorem, sicut erat factus› · note in col 235 Non imperatorem, sicut erat factus. At Constantinum a patris morte ad nuptias faustae usque, non imperatorem, sed Caesarem fuisse, probatur tum ex nummis apud Cangium et alios, tum ex panegyrico utrique simul, Maximiano socero et Constantino, dicto, cap. 1 a 5, si quis Zosimo forsan in hoc fidem nolit habere lib. II, cap. 9. CELL. — Non imperatorem. Variant scriptores. Eusebius cum nostro consentit: Quid de aliis et incerto auctore panegyrici sentiendum cum cura docet Nurr. Mox ms. pro more suo, cum Maximiano. BUN.

"Not emperor, as he had been made." But that Constantine, from his father's death until his marriage to Fausta (faustae, as printed), was not emperor but Caesar is proved both from coins in Du Cange and others and from the panegyric spoken to both together, Maximian the father-in-law and Constantine, ch. 1 to 5, if anyone perhaps will not trust Zosimus on this, book II, ch. 9. CELLARIUS. — Non imperatorem. The writers differ. Eusebius agrees with our author; what is to be thought of the others and of the unknown author of the panegyric, Le Nourry (Nurr.) teaches carefully. Shortly after, the manuscript, as is its way, has cum Maximiano. BÜNEMANN.

[13] ‹anchor: Maximino› · note in col 235 Maximino. Ms. semper Maximiano.

Maximino. The manuscript always has Maximiano.

[14] ‹anchor: Quodam modo› · note in col 235 Quodam modo. Ms., quo modo.

Quodam modo. The manuscript: quo modo.

[15] ‹anchor: Allatus est› · note in col 235 Allatus est. Ita ms. Sed infra est allato, sequor ms.

Allatus est. So the manuscript. But below it is allato; I follow the manuscript.

[16] ‹anchor: Maxentium Romae factum Imperatorem› · note in col 235 Maxentium Romae factum Imperatorem. Erud. Toinardus vult legi seu intelligi Caesarem, non Augustum. At multis eximiis rationibus, et ex Eutropio lib. X. Doctissimi viri Baluzius et Paulus Bauldri probant eum a Praetorianis Augustum fuisse nuncupatum: quos auctores adi si lubet.

"That Maxentius had been made Emperor at Rome." The learned Toinard wants Caesar read or understood, not Augustus. But by many excellent reasons, and from Eutropius book X, those most learned men Baluze and Paul Bauldri prove that he was named Augustus by the Praetorians: consult these authors if you please.

[17] ‹anchor: Orbem terrae devorare› · note in col 236 Orbem terrae devorare. Lactantius lib. VII Div. Institut. cap. 16: Disperdent omnia, et comminuent, et devorabunt. Atque sic etiam Epitomes cap. 11: Decem viri occupabunt orbem, et partientur, et vorabunt; et mox, vorabit omnem terram, prout est in omnibus editis et mss. codicibus, si excipias Taurinensem, in quo est vexabit.

"To devour the world." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VII, ch. 16: "They will destroy all things, and grind them, and devour them." And so too Epitome ch. 11: "Ten men will seize the world, and divide it, and devour it"; and shortly after, "he will devour the whole earth," as it is in all the editions and manuscript codices, except the Turin one, which has vexabit ("will harass").

[18] ‹anchor: Prosiluit› · note in col 236 Prosiluit. Ita ms. Et recte. Plures editi, prosilit. Utraque lectio, bona; nihilque mutandum.

Prosiluit ("he leapt forth"). So the manuscript, and rightly. Most editions have prosilit. Both readings are good; and nothing is to be changed.

[19] ‹anchor: Ab hac captivitate› · note in col 236 Ab hac captivitate. Id est, ab hoc tributo. Census enim non fiebat, nisi ut vectigal imponeretur.

Ab hac captivitate ("from this captivity"). That is, from this tax. For a census was made only so that a tax might be imposed.

[20] ‹anchor: Describerent plebem› · note in col 236 Describerent plebem. Lactantius Divin. Instit. lib. I, cap. 22: Deos per familias descripsit.

Describerent plebem ("they should register the people"). Lactantius, Divine Institutes book I, ch. 22: "he registered the gods by families."

[21] ‹anchor: Castra Praetoria sustulerat› · note in col 236 Castra Praetoria sustulerat. Non omnino: sed imminuerat. Alioqui quomodo Praetoriani, si nulli fuissent, Maxentium Imperatorem nuncupare potuissent? Recte Aurelius Victor in libro de Caesaribus: Hinc etiam quasi truncatae vires urbis, imminuto Praetoriarum cohortium atque in armis vulgi numero. BALUZ.

"He had abolished the Praetorian camp." Not entirely, but he had reduced it. Otherwise how could the Praetorians, if there had been none, have named Maxentius Emperor? Aurelius Victor says rightly in his book On the Caesars: "Hence too the strength of the city was, as it were, cut short, the number of the Praetorian cohorts and of the populace under arms being reduced." BALUZE.

[22] ‹anchor: Nacti› · note in col 236 Nacti. Bunemannus habet, Nancti. Et in hanc vocem notam sequentem exhibet. Nancti. Ita ms. quod defendit Columbus cum doctis nonnullis. Sic codex florentinus in Pandect., lib. I, tit. 2, de Origine Juris, qui scientiam nancti sunt; et Gloss. Cyrill. δραξάμενος, nanctus et codex Petri Danielis in Val. Max., lib. IV, cap. 4, n. 6. Nancti, Edit. torren.

Nacti. Bünemann has Nancti, and gives the following note on this word. "Nancti. So the manuscript, which Columbus defends with several learned men. So the Florentine codex of the Pandects, book I, title 2, On the Origin of Law, 'who have obtained (nancti) knowledge'; and the Glossary of Cyril, δραξάμενος, nanctus; and the codex of Pierre Daniel in Valerius Maximus, book IV, ch. 4, n. 6. Nancti, Torrentius's edition."

[23] ‹anchor: Occisis judicibus› · note in col 236 Occisis judicibus. Abellio prius interfecto, inquit Zozimus, quod is Praefecti Urbis locum obtinens, horum molitionibus adversari visus esset. BALUZ.

Occisis judicibus ("the magistrates having been killed"). "Abellius having first been slain," says Zosimus, "because, holding the place of Prefect of the City, he seemed to oppose their schemes." BALUZE.

[24] ‹anchor: Maxentium purpuram induerant› · note in col 236 Maxentium purpuram induerant. In ms.: Maxentium purpuram induerat: utraque lectio non aeque bona. Indicat una Maxentium ex se ipso purpuram sumpsisse, rebus perturbatis per motus populares; altera, sed melior, Maxentium a militibus purpura donatum.

"They had clothed Maxentius in the purple." In the manuscript: Maxentium purpuram induerat; the two readings are not equally good. The one indicates that Maxentius took the purple of himself, affairs being thrown into confusion by popular risings; the other, and the better, that Maxentius was given the purple by the soldiers.

[25] ‹anchor: Turbatus est› · note in col 236 Turbatus est. Galerius Maximianus.

Turbatus est ("he was disturbed"). Galerius Maximian.

[26] ‹anchor: Nimium territus› · note in col 236 Nimium territus. Nimium, id est, valde. Div. Inst. lib. V, cap. 10: Si NIMIUM pii fuerint. Et de Opificio Dei, cap. 9: Si aliquid NIMIS propius admoveas.

Nimium territus ("too much frightened"). Nimium, that is, greatly. Divine Institutes book V, ch. 10: "if they have been VERY pious." And On the Workmanship of God, ch. 9: "if you bring something VERY close."

[27] ‹anchor: Tres Caesares facere non poterat› · note in col 236 Tres Caesares facere non poterat. Obstante dispositione Diocletiani. Vide supra cap. 18 et 25.

"He could not make three Caesars." Diocletian's arrangement stood in the way. See above ch. 18 and 25.

[28] ‹anchor: Arcessit, et hortatus› · note in col 236 Arcessit, et hortatus. Ita ms. Potest tamen legi hortatus vel hortatur. Lectionem secuti sumus, quae melius sonat.

Arcessit, et hortatus. So the manuscript. Yet one may read hortatus or hortatur. We have followed the reading that sounds better.

[29] ‹anchor: Recipiendum› · note in col 236 Recipiendum. Id est, recuperandum.

Recipiendum. That is, to be recovered.

[30] ‹anchor: Maximiani› · note in col 236 Maximiani. Herculii nimirum.

Maximiani. Herculius, of course.

[31] ‹anchor: Maxentium› · note in col 236 Maxentium. Ms., Maximianum, mendose.

Maxentium. The manuscript: Maximianum, wrongly.

[32] ‹anchor: Ibi vivere› · note in col 236 Ibi vivere. Ms., ut vivere.

Ibi vivere. The manuscript: ut vivere.

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<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Maxentius tanti facinoris sibi conscius› · note in col 237 Maxentius tanti facinoris sibi conscius. Hoc est, sumptae sine senioris Augusti consilio purpurae, usurpatique simul Italiae Imperii, quod Galerius Severo cum Occidente cesserat. BAULDRI.

"Maxentius, conscious of so great a crime." That is, of having taken the purple without the counsel of the senior Augustus, and at the same time usurped the rule of Italy, which Galerius had yielded to Severus along with the West. BAULDRI.

[2] ‹anchor: Maximianus› · note in col 237 Maximianus. Scilicet Galerius, cujus filiam Maxentius duxerat.

Maximianus. That is, Galerius, whose daughter Maxentius had married.

[3] ‹anchor: Quaerebat quatenus› · note in col 237 Quaerebat quatenus. Quatenus est pro quomodo. Lactantius Divin. Institut. lib. I cap. 21: Isidis Aegyptia sacra sunt, QUATENUS filium parvulum vel perdiderit, vel invenerit; lib. IV, cap. 27: Sciet qui viderit, QUATENUS adjurati per Christum de corporibus fugiant; l. VII, c. 6: QUATENUS aut quamobrem homines procreati. Columbus. Lib. de Opificio Dei bis, cap. 6.

Quaerebat quatenus ("he sought how"). Quatenus stands for quomodo. Lactantius, Divine Institutes book I, ch. 21: "The Egyptian rites of Isis are about HOW she lost or found her little son"; book IV, ch. 27: "He who has seen will know HOW, adjured by Christ, they flee from bodies"; book VII, ch. 6: "HOW or why men were brought forth." Columbus. On the Workmanship of God twice, ch. 6.

[4] ‹anchor: Se a periculo impendente muniret› · note in col 237 Se a periculo impendente muniret. Lactantius Epit. cap. 6: Severissimis legibus vita nostra MUNITUR; de Opific. Dei, cap. 4: Ut adversus nocentia fragilitatem suam MUNIRET; cap. 10: Ut oculi munitiores essent ab injuria.

"That he might fortify himself against the threatening danger." Lactantius, Epitome ch. 6: "our life is FORTIFIED by the strictest laws"; On the Workmanship of God, ch. 4: "that he might FORTIFY his frailty against harmful things"; ch. 10: "that the eyes might be better fortified against injury."

[5] ‹anchor: Campania› · note in col 237 Campania. Eutropius lib. IX, circa finem, et Zozimus lib. II, cap. 10, Lucaniam dixerunt: forsan villa in utriusque confiniis fuit.

Campania. Eutropius, book IX near the end, and Zosimus, book II, ch. 10, said Lucania: perhaps the villa was on the borders of both.

[6] ‹anchor: Bis› · note in col 237 Bis. Id est, iterum.

Bis ("twice"). That is, again.

[7] ‹anchor: Severus interim vadit› · note in col 237 Severus interim vadit. Haud secus ms. non Italiam invadit, ut quidam suspicatur.

"Severus meanwhile goes." Just so the manuscript, not Italiam invadit ("invades Italy"), as someone suspects.

[8] ‹anchor: Et se contra quem venerant, tradunt› · note in col 237 Et se contra quem venerant, tradunt. Ms. et; non ei.

"And they surrender to the man against whom they had come." The manuscript: et; not ei.

[9] ‹anchor: Ravennam confugit› · note in col 237 Ravennam confugit. Severus.

Ravennam confugit ("he fled to Ravenna"). Severus.

[10] ‹anchor: Maximiano› · note in col 237 Maximiano. Herculio.

Maximiano. To Herculius.

[11] ‹anchor: Dedit sese ipse› · note in col 237 Dedit sese ipse. Ms. habet dedit de se ipse.

Dedit sese ipse ("he gave himself up"). The manuscript has dedit de se ipse.

[12] ‹anchor: Vestemque purpuream› · note in col 237 Vestemque purpuream. Ita ms. nec aliter excudi debuit: aliae editiones habent, Vestemque et purpuram.

Vestemque purpuream ("and the purple robe"). So the manuscript, and it should not have been printed otherwise: other editions have Vestemque et purpuram.

[13] ‹anchor: Eidem› · note in col 237 Eidem. Ms., et idem. Eidem, id est Herculio, a quo acceperat. Vide c. 18 sup.

Eidem. The manuscript: et idem. Eidem, that is, to Herculius, from whom he had received it. See ch. 18 above.

[14] ‹anchor: Bonam mortem› · note in col 237 Bonam mortem. Quid hic sit bona mors, vide id quod sequitur, et supra ad caput 22.

Bonam mortem ("a good death"). For what a good death is here, see what follows, and above at ch. 22.

[15] ‹anchor: Venis ejus incisis› · note in col 237 Venis ejus incisis. Sic ms. at editio Baluz. Venis ei incisis. Contra Zozimus, lib. II, et auctor Fragmenti de Constantio Chloro scribunt, ut paulo ante vidimus, Severum fractis laqueo cervicibus expirasse. BALUZ.

"His veins having been cut." So the manuscript; but Baluze's edition: Venis ei incisis. On the other hand Zosimus, book II, and the author of the Fragment on Constantius Chlorus write, as we saw a little before, that Severus died with his neck broken by a noose. BALUZE.

[16] ‹anchor: Coepit› · note in col 237 Coepit. In ms., capite. De hoc loco, quem corruptum esse fatentur Interpretes, vide Baluzium infra p. 316 et Doctiss. Columbi Not. Quinque ultima verba hujus capitis putat Heumannus esse delenda.

Coepit. In the manuscript, capite. On this place, which the commentators admit is corrupt, see Baluze below, p. 316, and the most learned Columbus's note. Heumann thinks the last five words of this chapter should be deleted.

[17] ‹anchor: Herculius› · note in col 237 Herculius. Ms., Hirculius.

Herculius. The manuscript: Hirculius.

[18] ‹anchor: Maximiani› · note in col 237 Maximiani. Galerii scilicet.

Maximiani. That is, of Galerius.

[19] ‹anchor: Inflammatum ira› · note in col 237, runs into col 238 Inflammatum ira. Ita et supra cap. 14. Lactantius lib. VII Div. Institut. cap. 17: INFLAMMATUS IRA; et eodem lib. VII, cap. 1: INFLAMMATI amore potentiae.

Inflammatum ira ("inflamed with anger"). So also above, ch. 14. Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VII, ch. 17: "INFLAMED WITH ANGER"; and in the same book VII, ch. 1: "INFLAMED with love of power."

[20] ‹anchor: Adjuncto Maximino› · note in col 238 Adjuncto Maximino. Daza, Editi, Maximino. A Lactantio enim Daza indiscriminatim Maximianus et Maximinus fuit appellatus. Vide Not. ad caput 18. TOINARD.

Adjuncto Maximino. Daza; the editions, Maximino. For Daza is called indiscriminately Maximianus and Maximinus by Lactantius. See the note on ch. 18. TOINARD.

[21] ‹anchor: Et rebus coeptis inimicis diligenter instructis› · note in col 238 Et rebus coeptis inimicis diligenter instructis. Ita ms. Locus subobscurus: attamen nihil immutandum esse puto. Redderem Gallice, par des entreprises qui annonçaient ou déclaraient la guerre. Pro coeptis quidam volunt aptis. — Instructis. Quidam legunt instruens.

"And hostile undertakings having been carefully prepared." So the manuscript. The place is somewhat obscure, yet I think nothing should be changed. I would render it in French, "by undertakings which announced or declared war." For coeptis some want aptis. — Instructis. Some read instruens.

[22] ‹anchor: Suae minoris filiae nuptiis› · note in col 238 Suae minoris filiae nuptiis. Ms., sic minoris familiae nuptiis, quod editi recte immutaverunt. Miror nullum ex eruditis viris inquisiisse, quaenam esset Faustae soror natu major, et an fuerit unquam; nullam enim reperire mihi datum est apud Romanae Historiae scriptores. Attamen lectio ms. merito fuit immutata, nec prout jacet in Lactantio potuit conservari. Nullos Maximianus Herculius alios ex sua uxore Eutropia habuit liberos, quam Maxentium, de quo capite 26, et Faustam, de qua cap. 30. Verum Eutropia, priusquam nupta esset cum Herculio, filiam habuit Theodoram quam uxorem duxerat Constantius Chlorus Constantini Pater. Theodoram vero Eutropiae filiam, ut suam, procul dubio habebat Herculius. Itaque de Fausta potuit Lactantius dicere, quod Herculii filia minor esset. — Et rebus coeptis inimicis diligenter instructis. Pro instructis Buneman. habet, instruens et in hunc locum notam sequentem exhibet: — Et rebus... diligenter instruens. Ego suspicabar, ob litterarum similitudinem, legendum: Urbe munita, et rebus et copiis inimicis diligenter instructis, id est paratis proficiscitur. Ea ratione sunt omnia plena. Postquam urbs munita, et res copiaeque diligenter paratae et instructae essent, proficiscitur. Nemo enim nescit, instructus eleganter poni pro paratus; atque inde saepe conjungi. BUN.

"At the wedding of his younger daughter." The manuscript: sic minoris familiae nuptiis, which the editions rightly changed. I wonder that none of the learned has inquired who was Fausta's elder sister, and whether there ever was one; for I have not been able to find any in the writers of Roman history. Yet the manuscript's reading was rightly changed, nor could it be kept as it lies in Lactantius. Maximian Herculius had no other children by his wife Eutropia than Maxentius, of whom ch. 26, and Fausta, of whom ch. 30. But Eutropia, before she was married to Herculius, had a daughter Theodora, whom Constantius Chlorus, Constantine's father, had taken to wife. And Herculius without doubt held Theodora, Eutropia's daughter, as his own. So Lactantius could say of Fausta that she was Herculius's younger daughter. — "And hostile undertakings having been carefully prepared." For instructis Bünemann has instruens, and gives the following note on this place: — "Et rebus ... diligenter instruens. I suspected, from the likeness of the letters, that one should read: 'the city having been fortified, and with affairs and forces carefully prepared against the enemy,' that is, made ready, 'he sets out.' By that reasoning everything is full. After the city was fortified, and affairs and forces carefully made ready and equipped, he sets out. For everyone knows that instructus is elegantly put for paratus, and that hence they are often joined." BÜNEMANN.

[23] ‹anchor: Ille interea› · note in col 238 Ille interea. Galerius Maximianus.

Ille interea ("he meanwhile"). Galerius Maximian.

[24] ‹anchor: Circumsedendum moenia› · note in col 238 Circumsedendum moenia. In ms. circumsedendam; mendum, pro circumsedendum: editi habent circumsedenda moenia.

Circumsedendum moenia ("to besiege the walls"). In the manuscript circumsedendam; an error for circumsedendum. The editions have circumsedenda moenia.

[25] ‹anchor: Quas noverat civitates› · note in col 238 Quas noverat civitates. Sic apud Virgilium Tityrus: Urbem quam dicunt Romam, Meliboee, putavi / Stultus ego, huic nostrae similem.....

Quas noverat civitates ("the cities he had known"). So Tityrus in Virgil: "The city they call Rome, Meliboeus, I, fool that I was, thought like this one of ours ....."

[26] ‹anchor: Detestantes scelus› · note in col 238 Detestantes scelus. Ms., detestandae. Forte legendum est detestatae.

Detestantes scelus ("detesting the crime"). The manuscript: detestandae. Perhaps detestatae should be read.

[27] ‹anchor: Imperium reliquerunt› · note in col 238, continues Imperium reliquerunt. Galerii nimirum. Forte le- (continues)

Imperium reliquerunt ("they abandoned the command"). Galerius's, of course. Perhaps [one should] re[ad] … (continues)

(printed under page 118)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Imperium reliquerunt› · note in col 239

(continued) gendum Imperatorem. Vide infra, quia milites erant, qui Severum reliquerant.

[2] ‹anchor: Nutabant› · note in col 239 Nutabant. Ms., mutabantur.

Nutabant ("they wavered"). The manuscript: mutabantur.

[3] ‹anchor: Dimissisque animis› · note in col 239 Dimissisque animis. Forte legendum, demissisque animis, id est, abjectis. Ita Cicero variis in locis. ALMELOV.

Dimissisque animis. Perhaps read demissisque animis, that is, downcast. So Cicero in various places. ALMELOVEEN.

[4] ‹anchor: Et› · note in col 239 Et. Ex ms. sed omissum in editis.

Et. From the manuscript, but omitted in the editions.

[5] ‹anchor: Flexit animos quorumdam› · note in col 239 Flexit animos quorumdam. Ms., felix animus quorum. Editores reposuerunt flexit animos eorum. Ego ponendo quorumdam, persisti in manuscripti codicis lectione unam addendo syllabam; eamque vocem ac lectionem genuinam puto.

"He swayed the minds of some." The manuscript: felix animus quorum. The editors restored flexit animos eorum. In putting quorumdam I have kept to the reading of the manuscript codex, adding one syllable; and I think that word and reading genuine.

[6] ‹anchor: Opprimi potuit› · note in col 239 Opprimi potuit. Pro potuisset. Sic lib. VI Instit., cap. 24: potuit esse verus Dei cultor, si quis illi monstrasset. Conf. lib. II, cap. 4, oportuit. BUN.

Opprimi potuit ("he could have been crushed"). For potuisset. So Institutes book VI, ch. 24: "he could have been a true worshipper of God, if anyone had shown him." Compare book II, ch. 4, oportuit. BÜNEMANN.

[7] ‹anchor: Utensilia non haberet› · note in col 239 Utensilia non haberet. Utensilia sunt cibaria, copiae victui necessariae..

"He had no utensilia." Utensilia are provisions, supplies needed for living.

[8] ‹anchor: Quo› · note in col 239 Quo. Qua, juxta Tollium et Heumannum.

Quo. Qua, according to Tollius and Heumann.

[9] ‹anchor: Se ad suas sedes recepit› · note in col 239 Se ad suas sedes recepit. Maximianus Galerius.

"He withdrew to his own seat." Maximian Galerius.

[10] ‹anchor: Vexasset› · note in col 239 Vexasset. Baluzius putat legendum esse vastasset. Attamen infra num. XXXI dicit auctor vexationem generis humani.

Vexasset ("he had harried"). Baluze thinks vastasset should be read. Yet below, no. XXXI, the author says "the harrying of the human race."

[11] ‹anchor: Daciscum› · note in col 239 Daciscum. Sic lego cum manuscripto, ut apud Vopiscum in Aureliano, cap. 38, non Dacicum, ut habent plures editi. Daciscum, quod ipse natus esset ex Dacia.

Daciscum. So I read with the manuscript, as in Vopiscus's Aurelian, ch. 38, not Dacicum, as most editions have. Daciscum, because he himself was born from Dacia.

[12] ‹anchor: Maximianus alter› · note in col 239 Maximianus alter. Scilicet, Herculius.

Maximianus alter ("the other Maximian"). That is, Herculius.

[13] ‹anchor: Gallia› · note in col 239 Gallia. In ms. Gallie: sed mendose.

Gallia. In the manuscript Gallie, but wrongly.

[14] ‹anchor: Cum prior et major› · note in col 239 Cum prior et major. Heumannus. Cum prior esset et major. At alibi quoque omisit Lactantius praecedente cum verbum substantivum. Conf. lib. VII Institut., cap. 2. BUN.

Cum prior et major ("since he was senior and greater"). Heumann: Cum prior esset et major. But elsewhere too Lactantius has omitted the verb "to be" after a preceding cum. Compare Institutes book VII, ch. 2. BÜNEMANN.

[15] ‹anchor: Filii potestas esset› · note in col 239 Filii potestas esset. Addidi verbum esset, quod deest in manuscripto, sed necessario addendum.

Filii potestas esset ("the power was the son's"). I have added the word esset, which is missing in the manuscript but must necessarily be added.

[16] ‹anchor: Qui etiam› · note in col 239 Qui etiam. In ms. codice est et ea.

Qui etiam. In the manuscript codex it is et ea.

[17] ‹anchor: Quod› · note in col 239 Quod. Ms., quos, mendose; fortè quae vellet.

Quod. The manuscript: quos, wrongly; perhaps quae vellet.

[18] ‹anchor: Milites erant sui› · note in col 239 Milites erant sui. Scilicet, Maximiani Herculii Imperatoris. Cum doctiss. viris Gisb. Cupero et Paulo Bauldri addo sui, et sensus omnino postulat, ut sic legatur; idque verum esse patet ex capite 44 et similitudo litterarum sui, et qui, vocem eam extricare potuit. Ex CUPERO.

Milites erant sui ("they were his soldiers"). That is, the Emperor Maximian Herculius's. With the most learned Gisbert Cuper and Paul Bauldri I add sui, and the sense entirely requires it to be read so; that this is right is clear from ch. 44, and the likeness of the letters sui and qui could have squeezed that word out. From CUPER.

[19] ‹anchor: Auctorem malorum, principem calamitatum› · note in col 239, runs into col 240 Auctorem malorum, principem calamitatum. Item Lactantius Epitom. cap. 72: Ipse daemonum princeps auctor et machinator malorum.

"The author of evils, the prince of calamities." So too Lactantius, Epitome ch. 72: "the prince of demons himself, the author and contriver of evils."

[20] ‹anchor: Quas respublica sustineret› · note in col 240 Quas respublica sustineret. Lactant. Div. Institut. lib. VI, cap. 8: Mala omnia sustinere; et cap. 18 Sustineamus invicem, et mala hujus vitae mutuis adjumentis perferamus. COLUMB.

"Which the State was bearing." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VI, ch. 8: "to bear all evils"; and ch. 18, "Let us bear with one another, and endure the evils of this life by mutual help." COLUMBUS.

[21] ‹anchor: Diripuit ab humeris ejus purpuram› · note in col 240 Diripuit ab humeris ejus purpuram. Ita ms. Dicendum foret deripuit, id est, de corpore filii detraxit; cum contra diripere significet in frusta concidere. Ita Ovid. IV Met., . . . . . velamina Progne / Diripuit ex humeris. Ex CUPERO.

"He tore the purple from his shoulders." So the manuscript. One ought to say deripuit, that is, he dragged it off his son's body; whereas diripere means to cut into pieces. So Ovid, Metamorphoses IV (as printed): ". . . . . Procne tore the coverings from her shoulders." From CUPER.

[22] ‹anchor: Exutus› · note in col 240 Exutus. In ms., exsutus.

Exutus ("stripped"). In the manuscript, exsutus.

[23] ‹anchor: Tanquam Superbus alter, exactus est› · note in col 240 Tanquam Superbus alter, exactus est. Id est Tarquinius Superbus, Rex Romanorum ultimus. Lactantius lib. IV Institut., cap. 14: Tarquinius superbus exactus est. BALUZ.

"He was driven out like another Superbus." That is, Tarquin the Proud, the last King of the Romans. Lactantius, Institutes book IV, ch. 14: "Tarquin the Proud was driven out." BALUZE.

[24] ‹anchor: Ad hostem filii sui Maximianum› · note in col 240 Ad hostem filii sui Maximianum. Id est Herculius proficiscitur ad Galerium filii sui hostem.

"To Maximian, his son's enemy." That is, Herculius sets out to Galerius, his son's enemy.

[25] ‹anchor: Et cum eo disputaret› · note in col 240 Et cum eo disputaret. Sic ms. editi omittunt et, idque bene. Disputaret, id est, conferret, cum eo ageret. Sic apud Ciceronem II Famil., 8, et Orat. pro Coelio.

"And that he might discuss with him." So the manuscript; the editions omit et, and rightly. Disputaret, that is, confer, deal with him. So in Cicero, Letters to Friends II, 8, and the speech For Caelius.

[26] ‹anchor: Per occasionem reconciliationis› · note in col 240 Per occasionem reconciliationis. Propositio per hic aliquid antiquae elegantiae continet, uti apud Livium et Senecam per fidem, quod Caesari sive Hirtio quoque Davies ad lib. VIII Gall., cap. 48, n. 3, vindicavit. BUN.

"Under occasion of a reconciliation." The preposition per here holds something of ancient elegance, as in Livy and Seneca per fidem ("under pledge of faith"), which Davies also claimed for Caesar or Hirtius on Gallic War book VIII, ch. 48, n. 3. BÜNEMANN.

[27] ‹anchor: Quocumque venisset. Aderat› · note in col 240 Quocumque venisset. Aderat. Bunemannus vero non ponit punctum post venisset, et hunc locum sic habet: Quocumque venisset aderat, etc., notamque sequentem addit. — Criticus anon. ita distinguit: Exclusus a suo. Quocumque venisset, aderat ibi Diocletianus. Placet Heumanno et mihi. BUN.

"Wherever he had come. There was present ..." Bünemann, however, puts no full stop after venisset and has this place thus: Quocumque venisset aderat, etc., and adds the following note. — "An anonymous critic punctuates thus: 'Shut out by his own. Wherever he had come, Diocletian was present there.' Heumann and I agree." BÜNEMANN.

[28] ‹anchor: Aderat ibi Diocles› · note in col 240 Aderat ibi Diocles. Apud Maximianum Galerium generum suum, a quo nuper fuerat accitus.

"Diocles was present there." With Maximian Galerius, his son-in-law, by whom he had recently been summoned.

[29] ‹anchor: Substituto› · note in col 240 Substituto. In ms. potest legi substituto, aut etiam substituturo.

Substituto. In the manuscript one can read substituto, or also substituturo.

[30] ‹anchor: In Severi loco› · note in col 240 In Severi loco. Sic ms. Docti malunt scribere, in Severi locum: sed utraque lectio defendi potest.

In Severi loco ("in Severus's place"). So the manuscript. The learned prefer to write in Severi locum; but either reading can be defended.

[31] ‹anchor: Utroque praesente› · note in col 240 Utroque praesente. Diocletiano nimirum, et sene Maximiano Herculio.

Utroque praesente ("both being present"). Diocletian, that is, and old Maximian Herculius.

(printed under page 119)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Sex fuerunt› · note in col 241 Sex fuerunt. Ita ms. Nonnulli mallent praefuerunt. Reipublicae scilicet, seu Imperatores, seu Caesares; nempe Herculius, Galerius, Maximinus Daza, Constantinus, Maxentius et Licinius.

Sex fuerunt ("there were six"). So the manuscript. Some would prefer praefuerunt ("presided"). Over the State, that is, whether Emperors or Caesars: namely Herculius, Galerius, Maximinus Daza, Constantine, Maxentius and Licinius.

[2] ‹anchor: Quare› · note in col 241 Quare. Ex Terent. Andr. Act. III, Scen. 5.

Quare. From Terence, Andria act III, scene 5.

[3] ‹anchor: Maximianus› · note in col 241 Maximianus. Scilicet Herculius.

Maximianus. That is, Herculius.

[4] ‹anchor: Moliebatur› · note in col 241 Moliebatur. Id est, parabat. Aeneid. II, v. 108.

Moliebatur. That is, he was preparing. Aeneid II, v. 108.

[5] ‹anchor: Cogitationis› · note in col 241 Cogitationis. Ita mss. Et recte. Priscae editiones, contagionis: fortasse eo quod lib. V Div. Instit. Lactantii, cap. 12 initio legitur, pectus purum ab omni sceleris contagione praestare.

Cogitationis ("of thought"). So the manuscripts, and rightly. The early editions have contagionis: perhaps because in Lactantius's Divine Institutes book V, ch. 12, at the beginning, one reads "to keep the breast pure from all contagion of crime."

[6] ‹anchor: Constantinum Imperatorem generum suum› · note in col 241 Constantinum Imperatorem generum suum. Faustam enim Maximiani Herculii filiam duxerat. TOINARD. — Legitur mendose Constantium apud Toinardum.

"Constantine the Emperor, his son-in-law." For he had married Fausta, the daughter of Maximian Herculius. TOINARD. — In Toinard Constantium is read, wrongly.

[7] ‹anchor: Generi filium› · note in col 241 Generi filium. Constantii Chlori, cui Flavia Maximiana Theodora, ejusdem Herculii privigna, nupserat. Ideo Constantius ducta privigna habetur vitrici gener. TOINARD.

Generi filium ("the son of his son-in-law"). Of Constantius Chlorus, whom Flavia Maximiana Theodora, stepdaughter of the same Herculius, had married. Therefore Constantius, having married the stepdaughter, is reckoned the son-in-law of her stepfather. TOINARD.

[8] ‹anchor: Dolo malo› · note in col 241 Dolo malo. Doli vocabulo nunc tantum in malis utimur: apud antiquos autem etiam in bonis rebus utebamur; unde adhuc dicimus sine dolo maximo: nimirum quia dici solebat et Bonus. BUN.

Dolo malo ("by evil guile"). We now use the word dolus only of bad things; but among the ancients we used it also of good things; whence we still say "without the greatest guile": evidently because it used to be called "good" too. BÜNEMANN.

[9] ‹anchor: Francorum gens in armis erat› · note in col 241 Francorum gens in armis erat. De hoc forte Francorum bello loquitur Euseb. in vita Constantini lib. I, cap. 25.

"The nation of the Franks was in arms." Of this war with the Franks Eusebius perhaps speaks in the Life of Constantine, book I, ch. 25.

[10] ‹anchor: Persuadet› · note in col 241 Persuadet. Id est, Herculius persuadet Constantino nihil suspicanti.

Persuadet. That is, Herculius persuades Constantine, who suspects nothing.

[11] ‹anchor: Posset› · note in col 241 Posset. in ms., Possit.

Posset. In the manuscript, Possit.

[12] ‹anchor: Paucitatem› · note in col 241 Paucitatem. In ms., paucitate: forte paucitate.

Paucitatem. In the manuscript, paucitate: perhaps paucitate.

[13] ‹anchor: Aestimaret› · note in col 241 Aestimaret. Legunt eruditi existimaret.

Aestimaret. Scholars read existimaret.

[14] ‹anchor: Fingit de Constantino, etc.› · note in col 241 Fingit de Constantino, etc. Id est, fingit Constantinum oppressum esse ab hostibus, sicut ipse, paulo post, inopinato generi recursu opprimebatur. CELLARIUS.

"He makes up a story about Constantine," etc. That is, he pretends that Constantine has been crushed by the enemy, just as he himself, a little later, was crushed by his son-in-law's unexpected return. CELLARIUS.

[15] ‹anchor: Imperatori› · note in col 241 Imperatori. Scilicet, Constantino.

Imperatori. That is, to Constantine.

[16] ‹anchor: Revolat› · note in col 241, runs into col 242 Revolat. Lactantius Div. Institut., lib. VII, cap. 12: Donec anima emissa corporis claustro ad sedem suam revolet: quam vocem apud ullum auctorem Christianum non reperies; et hausit a Cicerone et Virgilio Georgic. I, v. 361, eorum imitator Firmianus noster.

Revolat ("he flies back"). Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VII, ch. 12: "until the soul, let out of the prison of the body, flies back to its own seat": a word you will not find in any Christian author; and our Firmianus, their imitator, drew it from Cicero and from Virgil, Georgics I, v. 361.

[17] ‹anchor: Homo› · note in col 242 Homo. Senex Herculius.

Homo ("the man"). Old Herculius.

[18] ‹anchor: Non deceret› · note in col 242 Non deceret. Quia Constantinus gener erat Herculii, quem quodammodo non decebat, ut Socer genero bellum inferret.

Non deceret ("it was not fitting"). Because Constantine was Herculius's son-in-law, and it was in a way not fitting for him, a father-in-law, to make war on his son-in-law.

[19] ‹anchor: A tergo ejus› · note in col 242 A tergo ejus. Id est, portae quae a tergo erant Herculii.

A tergo ejus ("behind him"). That is, the gates that were behind Herculius.

[20] ‹anchor: Milites› · note in col 242 Milites. Constantini.

Milites. Constantine's.

[21] ‹anchor: Pater impius› · note in col 242 Pater impius. Pater, scilicet Faustae, quam uxorem duxerat Constantinus; impius, quia inhumanus.

Pater impius ("the impious father"). Father, that is, of Fausta, whom Constantine had married; impious, because inhuman.

[22] ‹anchor: Audit scelera quae fecit› · note in col 242 Audit scelera quae fecit. Eleganter de obnoxio. Sic Lactantius, lib. V Divin. Institut., cap. 19: Audit quae illi Deus comminetur.

"He hears the crimes he has done." Elegantly said of the guilty. So Lactantius, Divine Institutes book V, ch. 19: "He hears what God threatens him with."

[23] ‹anchor: Detrahitur ei vestis› · note in col 242 Detrahitur ei vestis. Imperatoria scilicet, id est, purpura.

"His robe is stripped from him." The imperial one, that is, the purple.

[24] ‹anchor: Humilitatis impatiens› · note in col 242 Humilitatis impatiens. Id est, abjectae et vilis conditionis impatiens. Ita more veterum Cic., cap. 18, cap. 43, et lib. VI, cap. 4. BUN.

Humilitatis impatiens ("unable to bear lowliness"). That is, unable to bear a cast-down and mean condition. So in the manner of the ancients Cicero, ch. 18, ch. 43, and book VI, ch. 4. BÜNEMANN.

[25] ‹anchor: Machinatus est, quia semel habuit impune vocat› · note in col 242 Machinatus est, quia semel habuit impune vocat. Ita distinxi cum Gabo, Boherello, critico anon. et Heumanno. Antea edebatur: Machinatus est; quia semel abiit impune, vocat. BUN.

"He plotted, because once he had got off unpunished; he calls ..." So I have punctuated, with Gabbema(?) (Gabo), Boherel, an anonymous critic and Heumann. Formerly it was printed: Machinatus est; quia semel abiit impune, vocat. BÜNEMANN.

[26] ‹anchor: Habuit impune› · note in col 242 Habuit impune. Nec aliter ms. et Lactantius Epitom., cap. 53: Impune habuit; et cap. 55: Impune habent. Hic in editis est abiit.

Habuit impune ("he got off unpunished"). Not otherwise the manuscript; and Lactantius, Epitome ch. 53: "he got off unpunished"; and ch. 55: "they get off unpunished." Here the editions have abiit.

[27] ‹anchor: Scena› · note in col 242 Scena. In ms. schena; quasi pronuntiandum esset chena, more scilicet Italorum.

Scena ("the scene"). In the manuscript schena; as if it were to be pronounced chena, in the Italian manner, that is.

[28] ‹anchor: Filio suo› · note in col 242 Filio suo. Id est, genero suo, Constantino scilicet, quia erat Maximiani Herculii filiae maritus.

Filio suo ("to his son"). That is, to his son-in-law, Constantine, namely, since he was the husband of Maximian Herculius's daughter.

[29] ‹anchor: Prosiliit› · note in col 242 Prosiliit. Melius foret prosilit.

Prosiliit. Prosilit would be better.

[30] ‹anchor: Haeret manifestarius homicida› · note in col 242 Haeret manifestarius homicida. Lactantius lib. I Div. Institut., cap. 7: Quasi subductis et consumptis omnibus viis, subsistit, haeret, deficit. Ex Plauto in Aulular., et Trinummo.

"The murderer, caught in the act, sticks fast." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book I, ch. 7: "As if all ways were withdrawn and used up, he stops, sticks fast, fails." From Plautus, Aulularia and Trinummus.

[31] ‹anchor: Quasi› · note in col 242 Quasi. Virgil. VI, Aeneid. v, 471.

Quasi. Virgil, Aeneid VI, v. 471.

[32] ‹anchor: Ac› · note in col 242 Ac. Idem, lib. XII, v. 603.

Ac. The same, book XII, v. 603.

[33] ‹anchor: Intervallum› · note in col 242 Intervallum. In ms. intervallo.

Intervallum. In the manuscript, intervallo.

(printed under page 120)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Viginti annorum vota› · note in col 243 Viginti annorum vota. Id est, vicennalia, quae cum Diocletiano Romae celebravit. BALUZ. — Vide Valesium in Eusebium de Vita Constantini, lib. IV, cap. 47.

Viginti annorum vota ("the vows of twenty years"). That is, the vicennalia, which he celebrated with Diocletian at Rome. BALUZE. — See Valesius on Eusebius's Life of Constantine, book IV, ch. 47.

[2] ‹anchor: Turpi› · note in col 243 Turpi. In ms. turbi, p, in b mutato, quod scribenti saepe accidit.

Turpi. In the manuscript turbi, p being changed to b, which often happens to a copyist.

[3] ‹anchor: Ignominiosa morte› · note in col 243 Ignominiosa morte. De qua Euseb. Histor. Eccles., lib. VIII, cap. 13. Massiliae scilicet strangulatus est. Euseb. in Chronico.

Ignominiosa morte ("by a shameful death"). Of which Eusebius, Church History book VIII, ch. 13. He was strangled, that is, at Massilia. Eusebius in the Chronicle.

[4] ‹anchor: Maximianum alterum› · note in col 243 Maximianum alterum. Id est, a Maximiano Herculio ad Maximianum Galerium, cognomento Armentarium.

Maximianum alterum ("the other Maximian"). That is, from Maximian Herculius to Maximian Galerius, surnamed Armentarius.

[5] ‹anchor: Auctorem› · note in col 243 Auctorem. Id est, unum ex auctoribus persecutionis; de quibus vide supra cap. 2, persecutores: non unicus erat auctor, sed plures.

Auctorem ("the author"). That is, one of the authors of the persecution; on whom see above, ch. 2, "persecutors": there was not a single author, but several.

[6] ‹anchor: Etiam virtutem› · note in col 243 Etiam virtutem. Sic lego ex ms. in quo est et... em, cum vacuo spatio 7 aut 8 litterarum; nec aliter legendum esse arbitror. In omnibus editis legitur etiam vim, quod cum reliqua codicis scriptura stare non potest; et quidem in hoc ms., etiam vulgo scribitur per quatuor litteras etiam. Lectio nostra eadem confirmatur locutione cap. I: Quatenus virtutem ac majestatem suam in exscindendis delendisque nominis sui hostibus ostenderet. Ita et Lactantius, lib. IV Divin. Institut., cap. 26: Virtutem majestatemque Dei singularis interpretari; et lib. VI, cap. 9: Virtutem ac majestatem Dei singularis enarrat.

Etiam virtutem. So I read from the manuscript, in which there is et ... em, with an empty space of 7 or 8 letters; and I judge it should not be read otherwise. In all the editions etiam vim is read, which cannot stand with the rest of the codex's writing; and indeed in this manuscript etiam is commonly written with four letters, etiam. Our reading is confirmed by the same expression in ch. I: "how he might show his power and majesty in cutting off and destroying the enemies of his name." So too Lactantius, Divine Institutes book IV, ch. 26: "to interpret the power and majesty of the one God"; and book VI, ch. 9: "he tells forth the power and majesty of the one God."

[7] ‹anchor: Et ut› · note in col 243 Et ut. Post cogitabat, in ms. quatuor desunt litterae, quas supplendas esse duxi per et ut.

Et ut. After cogitabat, four letters are missing in the manuscript, which I have judged should be supplied with et ut.

[8] ‹anchor: Redderet› · note in col 243 Redderet. In ms., rediret, mendose.

Redderet. In the manuscript, rediret, wrongly.

[9] ‹anchor: Etiam in nomine vicennalium securem alteram› · note in col 243 Etiam in nomine vicennalium securem alteram. Inquinatissima verba ita Graevius purganda censet: Quae promiserat reddere, et inani nomine vicennalium securem alteram inflixit. Videtur dici, nova indictione, vicennalium proxime celebrandorum nomine provincias vexasse, ut apparatui et pompa ludorum necessaria conquirerentur. — Etiam in nomine vicennalium. Lego, etiam nomine vicennalium, id est, sub praetextu, sub obtentu vicennalium. Videtur in ex postrema littera vocis etiam, aut prima sequentis vocis ortum. BUN.

"Also under the name of the vicennalia, a second axe." Graevius thinks these very corrupt words should be cleaned up thus: "What he had promised to restore, and under the empty name of the vicennalia he dealt a second axe." It seems to be said that by a new levy he harried the provinces in the name of the vicennalia soon to be celebrated, so that what was needed for the apparatus and the pomp of the games might be gathered. — Etiam in nomine vicennalium. I read etiam nomine vicennalium, that is, under the pretext, under cover of the vicennalia. In seems to have arisen from the last letter of the word etiam or the first of the following word. BÜNEMANN.

[10] ‹anchor: Securem alteram afflixit› · note in col 243 Securem alteram afflixit. Ita ms. idem quod inflixit. Et sane illud Ciceronis pro Cn. Plancio, cap. 9. Auctor noster respexit: Quam enim illi judices graviorem potuerunt Reipublicae infligere securim, etc.

"He dealt a second axe." So the manuscript; the same as inflixit. And surely our author had in view that saying of Cicero's For Gnaeus Plancius, ch. 9: "For what heavier axe could those judges have dealt the State," etc.

[11] ‹anchor: Ecquis enarrare digne potest?› · note in col 243 Ecquis enarrare digne potest? Ms. et quis. Levissima vel pene ulla mutatione posui ecquis; cum t et c in plerisque mss. sint similes, aut pene similes.

"Who can worthily tell it?" The manuscript: et quis. By the slightest change, or almost none, I have put ecquis; since t and c are alike, or nearly alike, in most manuscripts.

[12] ‹anchor: Officiorum omnium milites› · note in col 243 Officiorum omnium milites. Id est, milites omnium magistratuum, vel milites qui magistratibus auxilium praestabant.

"Soldiers of all the offices." That is, the soldiers of all the magistrates, or soldiers who gave assistance to the magistrates.

[13] ‹anchor: Venia non habentibus nulla› · note in col 243, runs into col 244 Venia non habentibus nulla. Sic lego, ita ut sit, venia nulla non habentibus quod solverent. Ms. habet, veniam non habentibus nullas abstinendi multiplicis cruciatus. Locus corruptus, qui tamen levi admodum mutatione emendari potest. In dictione veniam est mendum, m redundat: item s in voce nullas, quam litteram suspicor esse initium sequentis verbi abstinendi; ita ut sit nulla substinendi, vel sustinendi multiplices cruciatus; quae omnia eximium sensum exhibent.

"No pardon for those who had not." So I read, so that it means "no pardon for those who had not wherewith to pay." The manuscript has veniam non habentibus nullas abstinendi multiplicis cruciatus. A corrupt place, which can yet be mended by a very slight change. In the word veniam there is an error: the m is superfluous; likewise the s in the word nullas, which letter I suspect is the beginning of the following word abstinendi; so that it is nulla substinendi, or sustinendi multiplices cruciatus ("no pardon; manifold tortures to be borne"); all of which gives an excellent sense.

[14] ‹anchor: Exhiberetur› · note in col 244 Exhiberetur. Adde vectigal, cujus solvendo pares non erant.

Exhiberetur ("were produced"). Add: the tax, which they were not able to pay.

[15] ‹anchor: Quae quanquam intolerabilia sint, eripi ab ore hominum cibos labore quaesitos› · note in col 244 Quae quanquam intolerabilia sint, eripi ab ore hominum cibos labore quaesitos. Ita quibusdam viris doctis approbantibus hunc locum emendavi. In ms. est: Quae quam tolerabilia sint, pravo sensu; id enim non tolerabile. Legendum etiam cum eruditis ab ore pro labore, quod in ms. exceptum est ex voce labore mox sequente. Caeterum verbum quaesitos hic est pro acquisitos, ut supra ostendi in Not. ad caput 18, illudque verbum simplex pro composito a Lactantio multoties usurpatum; Divin. Instit., lib. VI, cap. 12: Perdamne rem familiarem meo aut majorum labore quaesitam; et l. de Opificio Dei, c. 3 circa med.: Quaesitis per laborem cibis; et lib. de Ira Dei, c. 23: Quaerendis temporalibus bonis.

"Which, though they are intolerable, that food got by toil should be snatched from men's mouths." So I have emended this place with the approval of some learned men. In the manuscript is: Quae quam tolerabilia sint, a wrong sense; for that is not tolerable. Also, with the scholars, ab ore should be read for labore, which in the manuscript was taken over from the word labore that shortly follows. Further, the verb quaesitos here stands for acquisitos, as I showed above in the note on ch. 18; and that simple verb for the compound is used many times by Lactantius: Divine Institutes book VI, ch. 12: "Shall I lose the property got by my own or my forebears' toil?"; and On the Workmanship of God, ch. 3, about the middle: "food got by toil"; and On the Anger of God, ch. 23: "in getting temporal goods."

[16] ‹anchor: Sustentabile› · note in col 244 Sustentabile. Ita ms. Priscae editiones tolerabile, quod idem est; sicut Lactantius, Divin. Institut., lib. VII, cap. 16, dixit insustentabili dominatione, pro intolerabili. Sustentabile, forte legendum est sustentabantur. Pluralis numerus praecedit.

Sustentabile ("bearable"). So the manuscript. The early editions have tolerabile, which is the same; just as Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VII, ch. 16, said "by an unbearable (insustentabili) domination" for intolerabili. Sustentabile: perhaps sustentabantur should be read. A plural precedes.

[17] ‹anchor: Spe futurorum› · note in col 244 Spe futurorum. Erud. Paulus Bauldri volebat legere spe foeturarum, seu proventu animantium; foetura enim (inquit) Latinis proventus animantium est, et ipsemet foetus, foeturae.

Spe futurorum ("in hope of things to come"). The learned Paul Bauldri wanted to read spe foeturarum, that is, of the increase of livestock; for foetura (he says) is to the Latins the increase of animals, and the young themselves, foeturae.

[18] ‹anchor: Quid vestis omnis generis?› · note in col 244 Quid vestis omnis generis? Adde Exigitur, vel eripitur. Paul. Bauldri aliquod verbum excidisse putabat, quale est illud quod damus.

"What of clothing of every kind?" Add Exigitur ("is exacted") or eripitur ("is snatched"). Paul Bauldri thought some word had dropped out, such as the one we supply.

[19] ‹anchor: Ad votum› · note in col 244 Ad votum. Sic vocabant festa, in quibus vota concipiebantur pro incolumitate et diuturna principum vita; atque sicut vicennalia celebrabant, sic deos exorabant ut tribuerent pariter eorum tricennalia celebrari. BALUZ.

Ad votum ("for the vow"). So they called the festivals at which vows were made for the safety and long life of the princes; and as they celebrated the vicennalia, so they besought the gods to grant that their tricennalia likewise be celebrated. BALUZE.

[20] ‹anchor: Quod non erat celebraturus› · note in col 244 Quod non erat celebraturus. Hic locus est magni momenti, cum ex eo certo colligatur Galerium Maximianum non pervenisse ad vigesimum annum imperii sui; foedo enim morbo antea extinctus est, ut notat Doctiss. BALUZ.

"Which he was not to celebrate." This place is of great importance, since from it it is surely gathered that Galerius Maximian did not reach the twentieth year of his reign; for he was carried off before that by a foul disease, as the most learned Baluze notes. BALUZE.

[21] ‹anchor: Maximinus› · note in col 244 Maximinus. Ms. pro more, Maximianus. Caeterum ex Eusebii Hist. eccl., lib. VIII, cap. 13, noster confirmatur; et iterum hoc nostro libro, cap. 44, primi nominis titulum sibi Maximinus vindicabat. BUN.

Maximinus. The manuscript, as usual, Maximianus. For the rest, our author is confirmed from Eusebius's Church History, book VIII, ch. 13; and again in this book of ours, ch. 44, Maximinus claimed for himself the title of the first name. BÜNEMANN.

(printed under page 121)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. Parts of col 246 are blotted in the scan; uncertain readings are marked [?]. --> [1] ‹anchor: Mittit ergo ad eum saepe legatos› · note in col 245 Mittit ergo ad eum saepe legatos. Galerius Maximianus ad Maximinum, ut eum placaret.

"So he often sends envoys to him." Galerius Maximian to Maximinus, to appease him.

[2] ‹anchor: At ille› · note in col 245 At ille. Maximinus, scilicet.

At ille ("but he"). Maximinus, that is.

[3] ‹anchor: Praescriptione› · note in col 245 Praescriptione. In ms., praescriptionem.

Praescriptione. In the manuscript, praescriptionem.

[4] ‹anchor: Contemnit› · note in col 245 Contemnit. Sic emendo ex verbis praecedentibus et sequentibus, quae sunt in tempore praesenti. Ms., contempsit.

Contemnit ("he scorns"). So I emend from the preceding and following verbs, which are in the present tense. The manuscript: contempsit.

[5] ‹anchor: Dolet bestia› · note in col 245 Dolet bestia. Galerius Maximianus. Sic bestias malas Lactantius vocat imperatores, qui Christianos vexarunt.

Dolet bestia ("the beast is pained"). Galerius Maximian. So Lactantius calls "evil beasts" the emperors who harried the Christians.

[6] ‹anchor: Et mugit› · note in col 245 Et mugit. Ita ms. Nonnulli volunt, rugit.

Et mugit ("and bellows"). So the manuscript. Some want rugit ("roars").

[7] ‹anchor: Quod cum› · note in col 245 Quod cum. Ms. fert eum, cujus vice scripsi cum, quod infra is tamen postulat.

Quod cum. The manuscript gives eum, in place of which I have written cum, which is tamen below requires.

[8] ‹anchor: Victus contumacia› · note in col 245 Victus contumacia. Sensus est Maximinum, vi contumaciae suae abreptum, non paruisse Maximiano aequa postulanti. TOINARD.

Victus contumacia ("overcome by his obstinacy"). The sense is that Maximinus, carried away by the force of his obstinacy, did not obey Maximian's fair demands. TOINARD.

[9] ‹anchor: Tollit Caesarum nomen› · note in col 245 Tollit Caesarum nomen. Trium, id est, Maximini, tum Constantini, et Maxentii. TOINARD.

"He abolishes the name of Caesars." Of the three, that is, Maximinus, then Constantine, and Maxentius. TOINARD.

[10] ‹anchor: Maxentium et Constantinum filios Augustorum› · note in col 245 Maxentium et Constantinum filios Augustorum. Plane accedo Baluzio suspicanti Maximinum legendum esse, non Maxentium. Hunc enim ut hostem publicum odio Galerius prosequebatur, ut ejus hac partitione rationem nullam habere posset, neque Maximinum praeterire, qui quamvis non genitus Augusto patre fuisset, fuit tamen ab Augusto adoptatus.

"Maxentius and Constantine, sons of Augusti." I fully agree with Baluze's suspicion that Maximinum should be read, not Maxentium. For Galerius pursued Maxentius with hatred as a public enemy, so that he could take no account of him in this division; nor could he pass over Maximinus, who, though not begotten of an Augustus father, had yet been adopted by an Augustus.

[11] ‹anchor: Maxentium› · note in col 245 Maxentium. Corrigit Granvillius, Maximinum, multisque illustrat in epist. de Numo Maximini, quae adhaeret Banduri bibliothecae Numar. ed. J. A. Fabricii, p. 278-281. Add. Heumannum. BUN.

Maxentium. Granville corrects to Maximinum, and illustrates it at length in his letter on a coin of Maximinus, which is appended to Banduri's Bibliotheca nummaria, ed. J. A. Fabricius, pp. 278–281. Add Heumann. BÜNEMANN.

[12] ‹anchor: In campo Martio› · note in col 245 In campo Martio. Campus Martius non est hic nomen loci, qualis erat Romae; sed potius, ut ita dicam, Comitiorum militarium, in quibus lustrabatur exercitus. An vero statis temporibus, vel quotiescumque juberet imperator, celebraretur Campus Martius, non liquet. TOINARD.

In campo Martio ("in the Field of Mars"). Campus Martius here is not the name of a place, such as there was at Rome; but rather, so to speak, of military assemblies, at which the army was reviewed. Whether the Campus Martius was held at fixed times, or whenever the emperor ordered, is not clear. TOINARD.

[13] ‹anchor: Nuncupatum› · note in col 245 Nuncupatum. In ms., nuncupato.

Nuncupatum. In the manuscript, nuncupato.

[14] ‹anchor: Universos quatuor, imperatores jubet numerari› · note in col 245 Universos quatuor, imperatores jubet numerari. Adde virgulam post quatuor et lege nominari pro numerari. Hoc modo: universos quatuor imperatores jubet nominari, nempe Licinium, Maximinum, Constantinum, ac Maxentium. Hic autem per imperatores significantur Augusti. TOINARD.

"He orders all four to be counted emperors." Add a comma after quatuor and read nominari for numerari. Thus: "he orders all four to be named emperors," namely Licinius, Maximinus, Constantine and Maxentius. Here by "emperors" Augusti are meant. TOINARD.

[15] ‹anchor: Numerari› · note in col 245 Numerari. Forte leg. nominari. Attamen Heumannus ex Cicerone putat legendum esse numerari, ut est in ms.

Numerari. Perhaps read nominari. Yet Heumann, from Cicero, thinks numerari should be read, as it is in the manuscript.

[16] ‹anchor: Percussit eum Deus› · note in col 245 Percussit eum Deus. Scilicet Galerium Maximianum.

"God struck him." Galerius Maximian, that is.

[17] ‹anchor: Insanabili plaga› · note in col 245 Insanabili plaga. Sic Lact., lib. VII Institut., cap. 5: Percussit Aegyptum Deus insanabili plaga.

Insanabili plaga ("with an incurable blow"). So Lactantius, Institutes book VII, ch. 5: "God struck Egypt with an incurable blow."

[18] ‹anchor: In inferiori parte genitalium› · note in col 245 In inferiori parte genitalium. Vide Eusebium, lib. VIII, Hist. Eccles., cap. 16, et lib. I de Vita Constantini, cap. 57; Ruffinum, lib. VIII, cap. 18; Fragmentum de Constantio Chloro, pag. 472, atque etiam Paulum Orosium, lib. VII, cap. 28.

"In the lower part of the genitals." See Eusebius, Church History book VIII, ch. 16, and Life of Constantine book I, ch. 57; Rufinus, book VIII, ch. 18; the Fragment on Constantius Chlorus, p. 472; and also Paulus Orosius, book VII, ch. 28.

[19] ‹anchor: Medici secant, curant› · note in col 246 Medici secant, curant. Ita ms. Medici, vulnerarii scilicet, nunc dicti chirurgi. Nonnulli legere volunt ex Celso, secant, urunt. Attamen nihil infra de ustione; estque tantummodo secatur et curatur.

"The physicians cut, they treat." So the manuscript. Physicians, that is, wound-doctors, now called surgeons. Some want to read, from Celsus, secant, urunt ("they cut, they cauterize"). Yet there is nothing below about burning; it is only "it is cut and treated."

[20] ‹anchor: Inductam jam cicatricem scindit vulnus› · note in col 246 Inductam jam cicatricem scindit vulnus. Ita Celsus lib. IV, v. 26, quo cicatrix inducitur. Doctissimus Graevius legendum esse putat rescindit; nec male. Lactantius enim Divin. Institut. lib. VII, cap. 24, ait perniciem rescissis vulneribus effundere. Joannes Columbus, scindit se, quomodo apud Virgilium Aeneid. lib. I, v. 571 [?]: Scindit se nubes. Nonnulli, inducta jam cicatrice scinditur vulnus. Item ms. praeterquam quod habet sciudit; non scinditur.

"The wound tears open the scar already formed." So Celsus, book IV, v. 26 (as printed), "by which a scar is formed." The most learned Graevius thinks rescindit should be read; not badly. For Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VII, ch. 24, says "to pour out destruction from wounds torn open again." Johannes Columbus: scindit se, as in Virgil, Aeneid book I, v. 571 [?]: "the cloud parts itself." Some: "the scar being already formed, the wound is torn open." Likewise the manuscript, except that it has sciudit; not scinditur.

[21] ‹anchor: Tamen› · note in col 246 Tamen. Mox praecessit. Mallem Tandem. — Vix tamen. Recte, inquit, Heumannus, Boherellus et Galeus rescribunt, vix tandem. Propertius, lib. III [?] El. 20 [?], v. 7: Vix tamen aut semel admittit, cum saepe negavit. Ovidius Heroid. Ep. Orestae: Vix equidem memini, memini tamen. Phaedr. lib. IV, fab. 5: aegre (id est, vix) recepti, tamen evaserunt necem. BUN.

Tamen. It came just before. I would prefer Tandem. — "Vix tamen ('scarcely, yet')." "Heumann, Boherel and Gale," he says, "rightly rewrite vix tandem." Propertius, book III [?], Elegy 20 [?], v. 7: "Yet scarcely, or once, she admits him, when she has often refused." Ovid, Heroides, the letter to Orestes: "Scarcely indeed do I remember; yet I remember." Phaedrus, book IV, fable 5: "with difficulty (that is, scarcely) taken back, yet they escaped death." BÜNEMANN.

[22] ‹anchor: Motione› · note in col 246 Motione. Sic restitui: quippe post litteram initialem m, in ms. desunt 5 aut 6 litterae. Editi ferunt, motu; quae vox (cum post m, tres duntaxat litterae sequantur) hujus loci esse non potest.

Motione. So I have restored it: for after the initial letter m, 5 or 6 letters are missing in the manuscript. The editions give motu; which word (since after m only three letters follow) cannot belong to this place.

[23] ‹anchor: Vulneratur› · note in col 246 Vulneratur. Ms., vulneratus, mendose; non enim video ad quid referri possit. Quidam volunt vulnerato; nec rejicienda haec lectio.

Vulneratur. The manuscript: vulneratus, wrongly; for I do not see to what it could refer. Some want vulnerato; nor is this reading to be rejected.

[24] ‹anchor: Albescit ipse› · note in col 246 Albescit ipse. Id est, pallescit, quomodo pallor albescens dicitur a Lactantio libro de Ira Dei, cap. 5.

Albescit ipse ("he himself grows white"). That is, grows pale, as "a whitening pallor" is spoken of by Lactantius in On the Anger of God, ch. 5.

[25] ‹anchor: Tenuatur› · note in col 246 Tenuatur. Id est, pinguedo evanescit; erat enim ut supra cap. 9, dictum est caro ingens... et inflata. Ex Virgil. Georg. lib. III, v. 129.

Tenuatur ("he is wasted"). That is, the fat vanishes; for he was, as was said above, ch. 9, "huge flesh ... and swollen." From Virgil, Georgics book III, v. 129.

[26] ‹anchor: Proxima› · note in col 246 Proxima. In mss., promaxima: sed mendose.

Proxima. In the manuscripts, promaxima; but wrongly.

[27] ‹anchor: Saevit› · note in col 246 Saevit. Heuman. putat legendum esse serpit.

Saevit ("it rages"). Heumann thinks serpit ("it creeps") should be read.

[28] ‹anchor: Phillyrides, etc.› · note in col 246 Phillyrides, etc. Hic versus ex Virgilio restitutus, cum in mss. Colb. legatur corrupte omnino, Phyllides Cirona, Metonius Melumphius contra metri leges.

Phillyrides, etc. This line is restored from Virgil, since in the Colbert manuscript it is read entirely corrupt, Phyllides Cirona, Metonius Melumphius, against the laws of the metre.

[29] ‹anchor: Trahuntur› · note in col 246 Trahuntur. Id est, advocantur. — Medici... trahuntur. Cellarius exponit, advocantur. Recte. Sic Lactant. lib. I, cap. 17: Medicum... curando juveni advocavit. Nurrius: Non male, inquit, p. 528, dixit, trahuntur, id est, nolentes et inviti. Nam, ut habet versio Eusebii lib. VIII, cap. 18, extr. H. E.: Ex medicis alii, quum nec ipsam odoris gravitatem sustinere possent, interficiebantur; alii, quum nullum remedium afferre possent... ob id ipsum necabantur. BUN.

Trahuntur ("are dragged in"). That is, are summoned. — "Medici ... trahuntur. Cellarius explains it as advocantur. Rightly. So Lactantius, book I, ch. 17: 'he summoned a physician ... to treat the youth.' Le Nourry says, p. 528: 'He did not say trahuntur badly, that is, unwilling and against their will. For, as the version of Eusebius has, Church History book VIII, ch. 18, at the end: Of the physicians, some, since they could not bear even the heaviness of the stench, were killed; others, since they could bring no remedy ... were put to death for that very reason.'" BÜNEMANN.

[30] ‹anchor: Humanae manus› · note in col 246 Humanae manus. Ipse Cicero non refugit hunc sonum, ut notavi ad Lact. de Ira cap. 2, humana manu. BUN.

Humanae manus ("human hands"). Cicero himself did not shrink from this sound, as I noted on Lactantius, On Anger ch. 2, humana manu. BÜNEMANN.

[31] ‹anchor: Asclepius› · note in col 246, continues Asclepius. Lactantium maluisse uti Graeco nomine quam Latino monuit Gronovius Observat. ad Script. Ecclesiast., p. 182. Quod et ipsum facere nonnihil videtur ad asserendum hoc scriptum auctori suo, (continues)

Asclepius. Gronovius, Observations on the Ecclesiastical Writers, p. 182, pointed out that Lactantius preferred to use the Greek name rather than the Latin. Which itself seems to do something towards assigning this work to its author, (continues)

(printed under page 122)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Asclepius› · note in col 247

(continued) quippe in quo videamus vocem illam Asclepius recurrere, pro Aesculapius, lib. I, cap. 17.

[2] ‹anchor: Confugitur ad idola... orantur› · note in col 247 Confugitur ad idola... orantur. Sic. lib. II, Inst., cap. 1: Ad Deum confugitur... Deus... oratur. De Asclepio conf. lib. I Inst., cap. 17: Asclepium... advocavit. BUN.

"Recourse is had to idols ... they are prayed to." So Institutes book II, ch. 1: "Recourse is had to God ... God ... is prayed to." On Asclepius compare Institutes book I, ch. 17: "he summoned Asclepius." BÜNEMANN.

[3] ‹anchor: Dat Apollo curam› · note in col 247 Dat Apollo curam. Id est, docet remedium. Dare alicui, pro dicere alicui, docere aliquem, apud Virgilium Eclog. I, v. 19: Da, Tityre, nobis, id est, doce nos. Ex GRAEVIO. — Heumann. tamen, loco verbi dat, putat legendum esse negat, vel potius non dat.

"Apollo gives a cure." That is, teaches a remedy. Dare alicui for dicere alicui, docere aliquem, in Virgil, Eclogue I, v. 19: "Give us, Tityrus," that is, tell us. From GRAEVIUS. — Heumann, however, thinks that instead of the verb dat one should read negat, or rather non dat.

[4] ‹anchor: Jam non longe pernicies aberat... computrescunt forinsecus viscera, et in tabem sedes tota dilabitur› · note in col 247 Jam non longe pernicies aberat... computrescunt forinsecus viscera, et in tabem sedes tota dilabitur. Eodem sensu legimus apud Lactantium lib. VI Divin. Institut. c. 24, perniciem rescissis vulneribus effundere.

"Now destruction was not far off ... the bowels rot outwardly, and the whole seat melts into putrefaction." In the same sense we read in Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VI, ch. 24, "to pour out destruction from wounds torn open again."

[5] ‹anchor: Forinsecus› · note in col 247 Forinsecus. Hac insolita voce usus est Lactantius lib. de Opificio Dei, c. 2: Non forinsecus ut caetera, sed interius armavit.

Forinsecus ("outwardly"). Lactantius used this unusual word in On the Workmanship of God, ch. 2: "He armed him not outwardly like the rest, but within."

[6] ‹anchor: Sedes tota› · note in col 247 Sedes tota. Pars corporis qua sedetur. In mss. est sedis, mendose.

Sedes tota ("the whole seat"). The part of the body on which one sits. In the manuscripts it is sedis, wrongly.

[7] ‹anchor: Repercussis medullis› · note in col 247 Repercussis medullis. Id est, inquiunt nonnulli, affectis medullis. Forte legendum, Repercussum medullis, aut medelis. Quis enim unquam aut audivit, aut legit Repercuti medullas? Addita itaque post malum virgula, scribe: Repercussum medelis malum, recidit introrsus. Positum est enim medelis, pro medecinis. Ita supra, Incipit vulnus non sentire medicinam. Partim ex TOINARDO.

Repercussis medullis ("the marrow being struck back"). That is, some say, the marrow being affected. Perhaps read Repercussum medullis, or medelis. For who ever heard or read "the marrow to be struck back"? So, adding a comma after malum, write: "The evil, struck back by the remedies, falls back inward." For medelis is put for medecinis (as printed). So above, "The wound begins not to feel the medicine." Partly from TOINARD.

[8] ‹anchor: Malum recidit introrsus› · note in col 247 Malum recidit introrsus. Hic recidere est, reverti, redire; recidere introrsus, rentrer au dedans. Lactantius, lib. VI Div. Institut. cap. 17: Neque enim capere videtur natura, ut aliquid in contrarium RECIDAT. Ex COLUMBO.

"The evil falls back inward." Here recidere is to turn back, return; recidere introrsus, in French "to go back inside." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VI, ch. 17: "For nature does not seem to allow that anything FALL BACK into its contrary." From COLUMBUS.

[9] ‹anchor: Odor it autem› · note in col 247 Odor it autem. Sic lego cum doctissimis viris Vossio et Boherello, unius litterae adjectione, pro Odoritatem, quod est in ms.

Odor it autem ("but the stench goes"). So I read, with the most learned Vossius and Boherel, by adding one letter, for Odoritatem, which is in the manuscript.

[10] ‹anchor: Comestum a vermibus et in putredinem corpus› · note in col 247 Comestum a vermibus et in putredinem corpus. Haec vera nobis videtur lectio, comestum referendo ad corpus, quod mox sequitur. Ms., Comestus, male. Nonnulli malunt Comestur, id est, Comeditur.

"The body eaten by worms and [melting] into rottenness." This seems to us the true reading, referring comestum to corpus, which follows shortly. The manuscript: Comestus, badly. Some prefer Comestur, that is, Comeditur ("is eaten").

[11] ‹anchor: Clamores› · note in col 247 Clamores. Forte hic addendum aram, ut apud Virgilium; et sic legendi hi duo versus: Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit, / Quales mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram / Taurus. Virgil. II Aeneid, v. 222 et seqq.

Clamores. Perhaps aram should be added here, as in Virgil; and these two lines read thus: "At once he raises dreadful cries to the stars, such bellowings as when a wounded bull flees the altar." Virgil, Aeneid II, v. 222 ff.

[12] ‹anchor: Coacta et calida animalia› · note in col 247 Coacta et calida animalia. Ita ms. Vir eruditus mallet incocta, pro viva.

"Animals cooked and warm." So the manuscript. A learned man would prefer incocta, for viva.

[13] ‹anchor: Eliceret› · note in col 247 Eliceret. In ms., eligeret; mendose.

Eliceret ("might draw out"). In the manuscript, eligeret; wrongly.

[14] ‹anchor: Queis resolutis› · note in col 247, runs into col 248 Queis resolutis. Animalia illa non apposita fuerunt vulneribus sine fasciis, quarum ope melius ulceratis partibus applicarentur, suoque loco insisterent. Obligabantur ergo cum vulneribus animalia; et quando postea fasciae removebantur, ipsa quoque animalia resolvebantur. Est enim in mille locis resolvere, id quod ligatum fuerat dissolvere. Noster cap. 46: Liciniani scuta deponunt, galeas resolvunt. Lactantius Epitom. cap. 72: Sed et ipse daemonum princeps... catenis igneis alligatus, etc. Peractis vero mille annis ac resoluto daemonum principe. BAULDRI. — Quam vocem sic acceptam in alio quovis Christiano scriptore vix (ut puto) reperies.

Queis resolutis ("these being unbound"). Those animals were not put on the wounds without bandages, by whose help they could be better applied to the ulcerated parts and stay in their place. So the animals were bound on with the wounds; and when afterwards the bandages were removed, the animals too were unbound. For in a thousand places resolvere is to undo what had been bound. Our author, ch. 46: "Licinius's men lay down their shields, unfasten their helmets." Lactantius, Epitome ch. 72: "But the prince of demons himself ... bound with fiery chains," etc. "But when the thousand years are ended and the prince of demons is unbound." BAULDRI. — A word taken in this sense you will hardly (I think) find in any other Christian writer.

[15] ‹anchor: Inaestimabile scatebat examen› · note in col 248 Inaestimabile scatebat examen. Vermiculorum scilicet. Inaestimabile, pro innumerabile, vox Lactantio peculiaris; l. I Div. Institut. cap. XVI: Nam cum hominum vix incredibilis numerus sit et inaestimabilis, Gallice, une quantité innombrable; lib. de Ira Dei, cap. 10: Atomorum moles tam inaestimabiles ex tam minutis conglobarentur; et Epitom. cap. 72, vis inaestimabilis Angelorum.

"A countless swarm teemed." Of little worms, that is. Inaestimabile for innumerabile, a word peculiar to Lactantius: Divine Institutes book I, ch. XVI: "For since the number of men is almost incredible and countless," in French "a numberless quantity"; On the Anger of God, ch. 10: "masses of atoms so countless should be balled together from things so minute"; and Epitome ch. 72, "a countless host of Angels."

[16] ‹anchor: Tabescendorum viscerum pernicies› · note in col 248 Tabescendorum viscerum pernicies. Ita ms. Nonnulli malunt tabescentium; quidam, tabe exesorum, Gallice, un ulcère dans les entrailles. Eodem sensu Lactantius lib. VI, Div. Institut. cap. 24: perniciem rescissis vulneribus effundere, ut mox notavimus.

"The ruin of the wasting bowels." So the manuscript. Some prefer tabescentium; one, tabe exesorum ("eaten away by rot"), in French "an ulcer in the bowels." In the same sense Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VI, ch. 24: "to pour out destruction from wounds torn open again," as we noted just now.

[17] ‹anchor: Foecunda› · note in col 248 Foecunda. Priscae editiones, secunda.

Foecunda. The early editions: secunda.

[18] ‹anchor: Diverso› · note in col 248 Diverso. Heumann. legit disperso. Forte legendum adverso.

Diverso. Heumann reads disperso. Perhaps adverso should be read.

[19] ‹anchor: Amiserant› · note in col 248 Amiserant, In ms., Admiserant.

Amiserant. In the manuscript, Admiserant.

[20] ‹anchor: Lurida Longe› · note in col 248 Lurida Longe. In ms., luride longe.

Lurida longe. In the manuscript, luride longe.

[21] ‹anchor: Discreverat› · note in col 248 Discreverat. Ita ms., Discreverat a discresco, non autem a discerno. Rarum verbum. Discresco, pro distendo; discrescere, vel distendere aut potius distendi, Gallice, étendre davantage. Plures volunt legi increverat.

Discreverat. So the manuscript. Discreverat from discresco, not from discerno. A rare verb. Discresco for distendo; discrescere, or distendere, or rather distendi, in French "to stretch further." Most want increverat read.

[22] ‹anchor: Per annum perpetem› · note in col 248 Per annum perpetem. Id est, integrum, totum. Sic et Lactantius lib. VII, cap. 26: Tunc per septem annos perpetes intactae erunt sylvae.

Per annum perpetem ("through a whole year"). That is, entire, complete. So too Lactantius, book VII, ch. 26: "Then for seven whole years the forests will be untouched."

[23] ‹anchor: Deum coactus est confiteri› · note in col 248 Deum coactus est confiteri. Vide similem Antiochi historiam, lib. II Machab. c. 9. Ruffin. lib. VIII, cap. 18. Oros. lib. VII c. 28.

"He was forced to confess God." See the similar story of Antiochus, 2 Maccabees ch. 9. Rufinus, book VIII, ch. 18. Orosius, book VII, ch. 28.

[24] ‹anchor: Novi doloris urgentis› · note in col 248 Novi doloris urgentis. Heumann. legit, nam vi doloris urgente.

"Of a new, pressing pain." Heumann reads nam vi doloris urgente ("for, the force of the pain pressing").

[25] ‹anchor: Dei templum› · note in col 248 Dei templum. Scilicet Nicomediae.

Dei templum ("the temple of God"). At Nicomedia, that is.

[26] ‹anchor: Satisque pro scelere facturum› · note in col 248 Satisque pro scelere facturum. Ita et Lactantius lib. V Div. Institut. cap. 13: Ut pro facinore suo satisfaceret; lib. VII, cap. 1: Satis et huic parti faciamus, et lib. IV, c. 17: Si peccata nostra confessi, satis Deo fecerimus. Nota divisa bipartito verba.

"And that he would make satisfaction for the crime." So too Lactantius, Divine Institutes book V, ch. 13: "that he might make satisfaction for his crime"; book VII, ch. 1: "Let us also satisfy this part"; and book IV, ch. 17: "if, having confessed our sins, we shall have satisfied God." Note the verb divided in two.

[27] ‹anchor: Edictum misit› · note in col 248 Edictum misit. Id est, emisit. Extat apud Eusebium lib. VIII, cap. 17, ex latina lingua translatum ab eo in Graecum sermonem, et dein ex Graeco versum in latinum a Ruffino, ut ipse docet: Haec de latino in graecum versa nos rursum transfudimus in latinum. Quod igitur hodie legimus primum latine, beneficium est Lactantii. BALUZ. — De tempore missi edicti vide Not. ad initium c. 35.

Edictum misit ("he sent an edict"). That is, issued it. It survives in Eusebius, book VIII, ch. 17, translated by him from the Latin tongue into Greek, and then turned from the Greek into Latin by Rufinus, as he himself tells: "These things, turned from Latin into Greek, we have poured back again into Latin." That we read it today first in Latin, then, is Lactantius's gift. BALUZE. — On the date of the edict's issue see the note at the beginning of ch. 35.

(printed under page 123)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Edictum› · note in col 249 Edictum. De hoc edicto vide Eusebium, lib. VIII Hist. Eccl., cap. 17.

Edictum. On this edict see Eusebius, Church History book VIII, ch. 17.

[2] ‹anchor: Ad bonas mentes redirent› · note in col 249 Ad bonas mentes redirent. Ejurando scilicet Christianam religionem in paganismi gratiam, qui Galerio sola bona religio erat. BAULD. — Lact. l. V, c. 19, ad hoc fortassis edictum respiciens: Sed haec ipsa ignoratio efficit, ut in persequendis sapientibus tam mali sint, fingantque se illis consulere, illos ad bonam mentem velle revocare.

"That they might return to a sound mind." That is, by forswearing the Christian religion in favour of paganism, which to Galerius was the only good religion. BAULDRI. — Lactantius, book V, ch. 19, perhaps looking to this edict: "But this very ignorance brings it about that they are so wicked in persecuting the wise, and pretend that they are taking thought for them, that they want to call them back to a sound mind."

[3] ‹anchor: Primum› · note in col 249 Primum. Priscae editiones, primi.

Primum. The early editions: primi.

[4] ‹anchor: Hisdem› · note in col 249 Hisdem. Vel eisdem: apud Eusebium Ἕκαστος; atque ideo legisse videtur, cuique.

Hisdem. Or eisdem: in Eusebius Ἕκαστος ("each"); and so he seems to have read cuique.

[5] ‹anchor: Diversa› · note in col 249 Diversa. Adde, loca.

Diversa. Add: loca ("places").

[6] ‹anchor: Denique› · note in col 249 Denique. Heumann. legit proinde, quia in Eusebio est τοιγαροῦν.

Denique. Heumann reads proinde, because in Eusebius it is τοιγαροῦν ("therefore").

[7] ‹anchor: Deturbati› · note in col 249 Deturbati. Apud Eusebium legitur ταραχθέντες παντοίους θανάτους ὑπέφερον. Proinde Lactantius scribere debuit, perturbati et variis mortibus affecti sunt. HEUMANNUS.

Deturbati ("thrown down"). In Eusebius is read ταραχθέντες παντοίους θανάτους ὑπέφερον ("being troubled, they suffered deaths of every kind"). So Lactantius ought to have written "were troubled and visited with various deaths." HEUMANN.

[8] ‹anchor: Observare› · note in col 249 Observare. Subaudi palam.

Observare. Understand: openly.

[9] ‹anchor: Contemplatione› · note in col 249 Contemplatione. Ita legendum. In ms. est vero contemplatione.

Contemplatione. So it should be read. In the manuscript it is indeed contemplatione.

[10] ‹anchor: In his› · note in col 249 In his. Docti legunt tantum his.

In his. The learned read his alone.

[11] ‹anchor: Credidimus› · note in col 249 Credidimus. Ms., credimus.

Credidimus. The manuscript: credimus.

[12] ‹anchor: Conventicula sua componant› · note in col 249 Conventicula sua componant. Haec de reaedificandis Christianorum ecclesiis nonnulli intelligunt; alii de eorum coetibus celebrandis, quod rectius est: sic Gallice, tenir leurs assemblées.

"That they may arrange their meeting-places." Some understand this of rebuilding the Christians' churches; others of holding their assemblies, which is more correct: so in French, "to hold their assemblies."

[13] ‹anchor: Ne quid contra disciplinam agant› · note in col 249 Ne quid contra disciplinam agant. Plinius I, lib. X, ep. 82 (79). Si qui contra disciplinam gesserint, id est, egerint. BUN.

"That they do nothing against good order." Pliny the Younger(?) (Plinius I, as printed), book X, letter 82 (79): "if any have conducted themselves (gesserint) against good order," that is, acted (egerint). BÜNEMANN.

[14] ‹anchor: Alia autem epistola› · note in col 249 Alia autem epistola. Ms., Aliam autem epistolam: aut praeponendum per; aut legendum ut repositum est in textu.

Alia autem epistola ("but by another letter"). The manuscript: Aliam autem epistolam: either per must be put before it, or it must be read as restored in the text.

[15] ‹anchor: Significaturi sumus› · note in col 249 Significaturi sumus. Male Ruffinus, indicavimus, rem quasi jam peractam narrans, cum ad futurum referatur. Neque istud tribuendum est errori typographorum, cum hanc lectionem exhibeant tres vetusti codices manuscripti bibliothecae Colbertinae. Christophorsonus et Valesius recte verterunt significabimus. BALUZ.

Significaturi sumus ("we shall indicate"). Rufinus wrongly has indicavimus, telling the thing as already done, whereas it refers to the future. Nor is this to be blamed on the printers' error, since three old manuscript codices of the Colbert library show this reading. Christopherson and Valesius rightly translated significabimus. BALUZE.

[16] ‹anchor: Perstet› · note in col 249, runs into col 250 Perstet. Ms., Perstetur, mendose. — Attamen Bunemannus habet, praestetur incolumis et notam sequentem exhibet. — Praestetur incolumis. Editi, perstet; at ms. perstetur: unde commodo, uti Critico quoque anonymo et Heumanno visum, praestetur. Nam Eusebius vertit παρασχεθῇ. Si cui tamen placeat perstet, conferat cap. 18, fin. Respublica staret incolumis. BUN.

Perstet ("may stand firm"). The manuscript: Perstetur, wrongly. — Yet Bünemann has praestetur incolumis and gives the following note. — "Praestetur incolumis ('may be kept safe'). The editions: perstet; but the manuscript perstetur: whence, conveniently, as also seemed right to an anonymous critic and to Heumann, praestetur. For Eusebius translated παρασχεθῇ. But if anyone prefers perstet, let him compare ch. 18 at the end: 'the State would stand safe.'" BÜNEMANN.

[17] ‹anchor: In sedibus suis› · note in col 250 In sedibus suis. Ruffinus vertit in laribus, quemadmodum legitur in uno codice Colbertino. Sed alii mss. et editiones habent in laboribus. Christophorsonus vertit in suis familiis; Valesius, in suis domiciliis. BALUZ.

In sedibus suis ("in their own homes"). Rufinus translated in laribus, as is read in one Colbert codex. But other manuscripts and editions have in laboribus. Christopherson translated in suis familiis; Valesius, in suis domiciliis. BALUZE.

[18] ‹anchor: Hoc edictum proponitur Nicomediae pridie kalend. maias› · note in col 250 Hoc edictum proponitur Nicomediae pridie kalend. maias. Cum in titulo praefati edicti Galerius Maximianus dicatur tribunitiae potestatis XX constat illud emissum esse post kalendas martias currentis anni (311), quibus tribunitiam potestatem XX auspicatus est idem Galerius. Post illum diem datum, ex nummis etiam graecis apud Goltzium certum redditur. Ultimus enim, in quo annus Augusti ejus imperii notatur, exhibet hos caracteres L. Z. id est, annus septimus. Nam cum, Lactantio teste, kalendis maii anni CCCV Augustus renuntiatus fuerit, kalendis maii currentis Christi anni septimum imperii Augustei annum incoepit. Quare cum idem imperator jam deficiens edictum illud promulgarit, apparet Lactantii sententiam Galerii Maximiani nummis corroboratam esse, perperamque scripsisse Valesium in notis Eusebianis, aliosque viros doctos, edictum illud ante mensem martium datum esse (Pagius in Critic. Baron. ad an. Chr. 311, num. 12 et 13). Prodiit tandem absoluto anno persecutionis VIII, ineunte IX, edictum Galerii, quo persecutio penitus extincta, inter kal. martias quibus XX tribunitiam potestatem inchoaverat, et pridie kal. maias, quod Nicomediae dicit propositum fuisse Lactantius) Dodwellus Diss. Cyprian. XI, num. 82).

"This edict is posted at Nicomedia on the day before the Kalends of May." Since in the heading of the said edict Galerius Maximian is called holder of the tribunician power for the 20th time, it is certain that it was issued after the Kalends of March of the current year (311), on which the same Galerius began his 20th tribunician power. That it was issued after that day is made certain also by Greek coins in Goltz. For the last, on which the year of his reign as Augustus is noted, shows these characters, L. Z., that is, "year seven." For since, on Lactantius's witness, he was proclaimed Augustus on the Kalends of May of the year 305, on the Kalends of May of the current year of Christ he began the seventh year of his reign as Augustus. Therefore, since the same emperor, already failing, promulgated that edict, it appears that Lactantius's statement is confirmed by Galerius Maximian's coins, and that Valesius in his notes on Eusebius, and other learned men, wrote wrongly that the edict was issued before the month of March (Pagi, Critica in Baronium, at A.D. 311, nos. 12 and 13).

At length, the eighth year of the persecution being finished and the ninth beginning, Galerius's edict came out, by which the persecution was wholly extinguished, between the Kalends of March, on which he had begun his 20th tribunician power, and the day before the Kalends of May, on which Lactantius says it was posted at Nicomedia) (bracket as printed) Dodwell, Cyprianic Dissertations XI, no. 82). [19] ‹anchor: Ipso› · note in col 250 Ipso. Nempe Galerio Maximiano. In ms., ipsa.

Ipso. Namely Galerius Maximian. In the manuscript, ipsa.

[20] ‹anchor: Ipso octies, et Maximino iterum Consulibus› · note in col 250 Ipso octies, et Maximino iterum Consulibus. Anno scilicet 311, Maximino; in ms., Maximiano.

"He himself consul for the eighth time, and Maximinus for the second." In the year 311, that is. Maximino; in the manuscript, Maximiano.

[21] ‹anchor: E custodia› · note in col 250 E custodia. In ms., et custodia.

E custodia. In the manuscript, et custodia.

[22] ‹anchor: Fuerit› · note in col 250 Fuerit. Vel fuisset.

Fuerit. Or fuisset.

[23] ‹anchor: In manu› · note in col 250 In manu. Pro in manum, in sexto casu pro quarto: infra cap. 39, sub initium, in matrimonio postulat; et saepe apud eumdem Lactantium; lib. III, cap. 3: Quae in rerum natura cadunt; lib. IV, cap. 17: In terra toto et corpore et ore projectum; lib. de Opif. cap. 2, in ea sunt relegata regione.

In manu ("into his hand"). For in manum, the ablative for the accusative: below, ch. 39, near the beginning, in matrimonio postulat; and often in the same Lactantius: book III, ch. 3: "which fall within the nature of things"; book IV, ch. 17: "thrown on the ground with whole body and face"; On the Workmanship of God, ch. 2, "they have been banished into that region."

[24] ‹anchor: Membra defluerent› · note in col 250, continues Membra defluerent. Nonnulli mallent, diffluerent, ut est lib. III Div. Institut. cap. 1, corruptum vanescit, ac diffluit; et cap. 20: Corpus relictum ab anima (continues)

Membra defluerent ("his limbs were dropping off"). Some would prefer diffluerent, as in Divine Institutes book III, ch. 1, "being corrupted it vanishes and melts away"; and ch. 20: "The body, left by the soul" (continues)

(printed under page 124)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Membra defluerent› · note in col 251

(continued) diffluit. Utrobique in mss. rec. et omnibus fere editis est defluit.

[2] ‹anchor: Id. mensis ejusdem› · note in col 251 Id. mensis ejusdem. Cum hic ante mensis in ms. sit vacuum duarum duntaxat litterarum spatium, nullam aliam vocem substituere posse credidi quam Id. pro Idibus mensis ejusdem maii, quo mense maio obiit Galerius anni aerae Vulgaris 311. — Nicomediae... mensis ejusdem. In ms. legitur: Idque cognitum Nicomediae mensis quidem, quum futura essent vicennalia Kl. Mar. impendentibus. BUN.

"On the Ides of the same month." Since here before mensis there is in the manuscript an empty space of only two letters, I believed no other word could be put in than Id., for "on the Ides of the same month of May"; in which month of May Galerius died, in the year 311 of the common era. — "Nicomediae ... mensis ejusdem. In the manuscript is read: Idque cognitum Nicomediae mensis quidem, quum futura essent vicennalia Kl. Mar. impendentibus." BÜNEMANN.

[3] ‹anchor: Kalendis martiis impendentibus› · note in col 251 Kalendis martiis impendentibus. Scilicet sequentis anni 312.

"The Kalends of March being at hand." That is, of the following year, 312.

[4] ‹anchor: Maximinus› · note in col 251 Maximinus. In ms. Maximianus.

Maximinus. In the manuscript, Maximianus.

[5] ‹anchor: Pervolavit› · note in col 251 Pervolavit. Heumann. legit provolavit, quia apud Livium legitur, infensis hastis provolant duo Fabii. — Pervolavit. Heum. provolavit. Bene, nisi pervolavit indicat diligentiam in accelerando itinere, ut per in compositis auget vim verbi: unde interpres Gall., se rendit en diligence dans l'Orient. BUN.

Pervolavit ("he flew through"). Heumann reads provolavit, because in Livy one reads "with levelled spears the two Fabii fly forward." — "Pervolavit. Heumann: provolavit. Good, unless pervolavit indicates haste in speeding the journey, as per in compounds increases the force of the verb: hence the French translator, 'he went with all speed into the East.'" BÜNEMANN.

[6] ‹anchor: Fretum Chalcedonium› · note in col 251 Fretum Chalcedonium. Id est, Bosphorum Thracium, cui adjacet in Bithynia Chalcedon.

Fretum Chalcedonium ("the strait of Chalcedon"). That is, the Thracian Bosporus, beside which lies Chalcedon in Bithynia.

[7] ‹anchor: Ad praesens› · note in col 251 Ad praesens. Lactantius Instit., l. VII, c. 6: Et quae alia non nisi ad praesens valent; cap. 10: Vitia omnia temporalia sunt; ad praesens commoventur; cap. 15: Quamvis ad praesens virtutem Dei hominibus ostenderet; libro de Ira Dei, cap. 22: Non ad praesens noxium quemque punit. COLUMB.

Ad praesens ("for the present"). Lactantius, Institutes book VII, ch. 6: "and the other things that avail only for the present"; ch. 10: "All vices are temporal; they are stirred for the present"; ch. 15: "although he showed men the power of God for the present"; On the Anger of God, ch. 22: "He does not punish every guilty man for the present." COLUMBUS.

[8] ‹anchor: Sustollit› · note in col 251 Sustollit. Heuman. legit sustulit.

Sustollit. Heumann reads sustulit.

[9] ‹anchor: Discordia› · note in col 251 Discordia. Ms., Discordiam.

Discordia. The manuscript: Discordiam.

[10] ‹anchor: Pene› · note in col 251 Pene. In ms., pena, male.

Pene. In the manuscript, pena, badly.

[11] ‹anchor: Diversas ripas› · note in col 251 Diversas ripas. Id est, littora freti Chalcedonii. — Diversas ripas. Littora freti Chalcedonii armati tenebant; in Bithyniae ora Maximiani, in Thraciae, Liciniani. CELL.

Diversas ripas ("the opposite banks"). That is, the shores of the strait of Chalcedon. — "Diversas ripas. Armed men held the shores of the strait of Chalcedon: on the coast of Bithynia, Maximinus's men (Maximiani, as printed), on that of Thrace, Licinius's." CELLARIUS.

[12] ‹anchor: Armati› · note in col 251 Armati. In ms., armata.

Armati. In the manuscript, armata.

[13] ‹anchor: Freto› · note in col 251 Freto. In ms., fretu.

Freto. In the manuscript, fretu.

[14] ‹anchor: Redit ille› · note in col 251 Redit ille. Scilicet Maximinus.

Redit ille ("he returns"). Maximinus, that is.

[15] ‹anchor: Communi titulo› · note in col 251 Communi titulo. Ita legendum esse censent doctissimi viri Cotelerius, Cangius, Cuperus et Columbus. Respicit enim Lactantius ad Constitutionem editam, cap. XXXIV, quae pro more tum recepto inscripta erat nominibus Maximiani Galerii et Maximini Dazae, id est, communi titulo. In ms. est corrupte tutelo.

Communi titulo ("under the common heading"). So, the most learned Cotelier, Du Cange, Cuper and Columbus judge, it should be read. For Lactantius looks back to the Constitution issued, ch. XXXIV, which according to the custom then received was headed with the names of Maximian Galerius and Maximinus Daza, that is, under a common heading. In the manuscript it is corruptly tutelo.

[16] ‹anchor: Conventicula extruere liceret› · note in col 251 Conventicula extruere liceret. Conventicula, id est, Ecclesias.

"That it should be lawful to build meeting-places." Conventicula, that is, Churches.

[17] ‹anchor: Ut suasu coactus et impulsus facere videretur› · note in col 251, runs into col 252 Ut suasu coactus et impulsus facere videretur. Ita ms. Recte quidem, ut puto. Suasu a suadeo. Suadere autem legem, est communibus suffragiis postulare legem. Gallice dicerem, porter tout son suffrage sur une loi. Itaque, ut suasu coactus, est quasi diceret, comme y ayant été porté par les suffrages de toutes les villes qui demandaient cette loi.

"So that he might seem to do it compelled and driven by persuasion." So the manuscript; rightly, I think. Suasu from suadeo. Suadere legem is to call for a law by common votes. In French I would say "to give one's full vote for a law." So ut suasu coactus is as though he said "as having been brought to it by the votes of all the cities which asked for this law."

[18] ‹anchor: Maximos› · note in col 252 Maximos. In ms., Maximus.

Maximos. In the manuscript, Maximus.

[19] ‹anchor: Deos› · note in col 252 Deos. In ms., dos: forte etiam domos suas, quod bonum sensum efficit. Elige.

Deos. In the manuscript, dos: perhaps also domos suas, which makes good sense. Choose.

[20] ‹anchor: Per omnes deos suos› · note in col 252 Per omnes deos suos. Id est per omnia deorum suorum templa, seu in omnibus templis.

"Through all his gods." That is, through all the temples of his gods, or in all the temples.

[21] ‹anchor: Subnixi› · note in col 252 Subnixi. In ms., subnexi. — Ministerio subnixi. Ex more Lactantii, lib. IV Inst., cap. 10: Juridicium subnixi; lib. IV, cap. 10: Potestate subnixum; lib. V, cap. 6: Gladiorum potestate subnixi. BUN.

Subnixi ("supported"). In the manuscript, subnexi. — "Ministerio subnixi. In Lactantius's manner: Institutes book IV, ch. 10: Juridicium subnixi (as printed); book IV, ch. 10: 'supported by power'; book V, ch. 6: 'supported by the power of the sword.'" BÜNEMANN.

[22] ‹anchor: Darent operam, Christiani neque fabricarent› · note in col 252 Darent operam, Christiani neque fabricarent. Subaudiendum ut. Vellem faceres, pro vellem ut faceres. Quam vellem domi mansisses, pro ut domi mansisses.

"That they should take care that the Christians neither build ..." Ut is to be understood. Vellem faceres for vellem ut faceres. Quam vellem domi mansisses for ut domi mansisses.

[23] ‹anchor: Colerent› · note in col 252 Colerent. Mallem cum Galeo, Critico anonymo, Heumanno, coirent. BUN.

Colerent. I would prefer, with Gale, the anonymous critic and Heumann, coirent ("they should assemble"). BÜNEMANN.

[24] ‹anchor: Comprehensos› · note in col 252 Comprehensos. In ms., comprehensus.

Comprehensos. In the manuscript, comprehensus.

[25] ‹anchor: Cogerent› · note in col 252 Cogerent. In ms., cogeret.

Cogerent. In the manuscript, cogeret.

[26] ‹anchor: Parum hoc fuit, nisi etiam› · note in col 252 Parum hoc fuit, nisi etiam. Ex Lactantii stylum, lib. I, cap. 10: Parum videbatur nisi etiam; lib. V, cap. 9: Parum habent... nisi etiam; lib. VII, cap. 5: Et hoc parum est... nisi etiam. BUN.

"This was too little, unless also ..." In Lactantius's style (Ex ... stylum, as printed): book I, ch. 10: "It seemed too little unless also"; book V, ch. 9: "They think it too little ... unless also"; book VII, ch. 5: "And this is too little ... unless also." BÜNEMANN.

[27] ‹anchor: Superponeret› · note in col 252 Superponeret. Hoc verbum, inquit Columbus, frequentissimum illo aevo; addit occurrere etiam apud Minucium Felicem. Lactantius ipse lib. II, cap. 2: Quid capitibus vestris terram superponitis? BUN.

Superponeret ("he set over"). "This word," says Columbus, "was very common in that age"; he adds that it occurs also in Minucius Felix. Lactantius himself, book II, ch. 2: "Why do you set earth over your heads?" BÜNEMANN.

[28] ‹anchor: Candidis chlamydibus, etc.› · note in col 252 Candidis chlamydibus, etc. Scilicet candidi coloris vestes induebant sacerdotes, exceptis iis, qui inferis operabantur, uti notissimum est. Et sic in specie docet Porphyr., IV, 19 de Abst. προφήτας Jovis in Creta usos esse ejusmodi vestimentis. Silius, lib. III, sacerdoti vestem niveam tribuit; Plinius Druidibus candidam, lib. XVI, c. ult., et Apuleius Antistibus sacrorum candidum linteamen, lib. II. CUPER.

"With white cloaks," etc. That is, priests wore garments of white colour, except those who sacrificed to the gods below, as is very well known. And so in particular Porphyry, On Abstinence IV, 19, teaches that the προφῆται (prophets) of Jupiter in Crete used garments of this kind. Silius, book III, gives the priest a snowy robe; Pliny gives the Druids a white one, book XVI, last ch.; and Apuleius gives the high priests of the rites white linen, book II. CUPER.

[29] ‹anchor: Quae jamdudum› · note in col 252 Quae jamdudum. Quod adverbium deest in priscis editis; legitur autem in ms.

Quae jamdudum. This adverb is missing in the early editions; but it is read in the manuscript.

[30] ‹anchor: Clementiam specie tenus› · note in col 252 Clementiam specie tenus. Nihil frequentius his vocibus sic junctis apud Lactantium; nec attinet, opinor, exscribere. Inter tam varia autem genera crudelitatis illud pessimum genus est, cui clementiae species falsa blanditur: ille gravior, ille saevior est carnifex, qui neminem statuit occidere. Lactant., lib. V Divin. Inst., cap. 11.

"Clemency in appearance only." Nothing is more frequent in Lactantius than these words so joined; nor is there need, I think, to copy them out. "Among such varied kinds of cruelty, that is the worst kind which a false appearance of clemency flatters: he is the heavier, he the more savage executioner, who has resolved to kill no one." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book V, ch. 11.

[31] ‹anchor: Debilitari jussit› · note in col 252 Debilitari jussit. Id est, mutilari, quemadmodum illi, verbi gratia, Confessores, quibus candenti ferro debilitati fuerunt sinistri poplites. Vide Eusebium, lib. VIII, cap. 12, et lib. I de Vita Constantini, cap. 58, ubi in Interpretatione Valesii irrepsit per errorem nomen Licinii, pro nomine Maximini.

Debilitari jussit ("he ordered them maimed"). That is, mutilated, as, for example, those Confessors whose left hamstrings were disabled with red-hot iron. See Eusebius, book VIII, ch. 12, and Life of Constantine book I, ch. 58, where in Valesius's translation the name of Licinius has crept in by mistake for the name of Maximinus.

[32] ‹anchor: Litteris› · note in col 252 Litteris. In ms., litteras. De his litteris vide Eusebium, Histor. Eccles., lib. IX, cap. 9.

Litteris ("by the letters"). In the manuscript, litteras. On these letters see Eusebius, Church History book IX, ch. 9.

(printed under page 125)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Mergebatur› · note in col 253 Mergebatur. In ms. mergebantur.

Mergebatur. In the manuscript, mergebantur.

[2] ‹anchor: Palatio› · note in col 253 Palatio. In ms. Palatium.

Palatio. In the manuscript, Palatium.

[3] ‹anchor: Delibatum› · note in col 253 Delibatum. Erat particula coenae paratae, quam decerptam diis offerebant. Solebant autem cibos etiam libare. Sil. Ital., lib. 7: Primum Vestae detersit honorem, / Undique et in mediam jecit libamina flammam. Quod Dionysius Halicarn., IV Antiquit. Rom., dicit, Coenarum primitias libare. GRAEVIUS.

Delibatum. It was a small part of the meal prepared, which they plucked off and offered to the gods. They used also to pour offerings of food. Silius Italicus, book 7: "First he wiped off (as printed) the honour due to Vesta, and from all sides threw the offerings into the midst of the flame." Which Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities IV, calls "to offer the first-fruits of meals." GRAEVIUS.

[4] ‹anchor: Sacrificatum› · note in col 253 Sacrificatum. Est, quod ex victima diis oblata praecisum erat in epulas, ut solebant partem victimarum prosecare et adolere, partem sacerdotum et sacrificantium epulis reservare. GRAEVIUS.

Sacrificatum. It is what had been cut off from the victim offered to the gods for feasting; as they used to cut off part of the victims and burn it, and keep part for the feasts of the priests and sacrificers. GRAEVIUS.

[5] ‹anchor: Perfusum mero› · note in col 253 Perfusum mero. Scilicet quo solebant supplicare, ut hi cibi quasi sacrarentur, Quis enim ignorat thure et vino solitos veteres supplicare, etiam inter epulas? Horat., IV Carmin., 5, de Augusto: Te mensis adhibet deum. / Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero / Defuso pateris, et laribus tuum / Miscet numen. GRAEVIUS.

Perfusum mero ("drenched with neat wine"). That is, with which they used to make supplication, so that these foods were as it were consecrated. For who does not know that the ancients were wont to make supplication with incense and wine, even at their feasts? Horace, Odes IV, 5, on Augustus: "He invites you as a god to his table; you with much prayer, you with wine poured from the bowls he honours, and mingles your divinity with his Lares." GRAEVIUS.

[6] ‹anchor: Magistri sui similis› · note in col 253 Magistri sui similis. Scilicet Galerii Maximiani. Ita supra, cap. 21 magnitudinis suae simillimos.

"Like his master." That is, Galerius Maximian. So above, ch. 21, "most like their own size."

[7] ‹anchor: Reliqui› · note in col 253 Reliqui. Heumannus delet hoc verbum.

Reliqui. Heumann deletes this word.

[8] ‹anchor: Apothecae› · note in col 253 Apothecae. Id est, cellae vinariae, de qua voce Phaedrus, lib. IV, fab. 4.

Apothecae. That is, wine-cellars; on which word Phaedrus, book IV, fable 4.

[9] ‹anchor: Debita› · note in col 253 Debita. Heuman. addit tributa.

Debita. Heumann adds tributa.

[10] ‹anchor: Hinc fames, agris ferentibus› · note in col 253 Hinc fames, agris ferentibus. Ita ms. nihil mutandum. Agris ferentibus, id est, licet agris ferentibus. Vide praecedentia abrasit... horrea privatorum claudebantur, etc. Editi legunt non ferentibus, minus bene. — Hinc fames, agris ferentibus. Alii corrigunt, agris non ferentibus; alii, agricolis non ferentibus. Et recte Nurrius: Quamvis, inquit, agri multos fructus ferrent, homines tamen fame enecabantur; quia Maximini satellites et vina cuncta, et fruges omnes, ac quaecumque agri ferrent, immani crudelitate auferebant, ut ea in fisci publ. gratiam aliis in regionibus venundarentur. BUN.

"Hence famine, though the fields bore." So the manuscript; nothing to be changed. Agris ferentibus, that is, although the fields bore. See what precedes: abrasit ... "the granaries of private men were shut," etc. The editions read non ferentibus, less well. — "Hinc fames, agris ferentibus. Some correct agris non ferentibus; others agricolis non ferentibus. And Le Nourry rightly: 'Although,' he says, 'the fields bore much fruit, men were yet killed by hunger; because Maximinus's henchmen with monstrous cruelty carried off all the wines, and all the crops, and whatever the fields bore, so that they might be sold in other regions to the profit of the public treasury.'" BÜNEMANN.

[11] ‹anchor: Armentorum, etc.› · note in col 253 Armentorum, etc. Haec omnia valde corrupta sunt tum in ms. tum in editis, ita ut vix intelligi queant. Ea vero sic legenda esse credidi: Armentorum ac pecorum greges ex agris rapiebantur ad sacrificia quotidiana, quibus aulicos adeo corruperat, ut aspernarentur annonam; et effundebant passim sine delectu, sine modo, cum satellites universos, quorum numerus ingens erat, pretiosis vestibus et aureis nummis excoleret (id est, demulceret), gregariis et tironibus argentum daret, barbaros omni genere largitionis honoraret.

Armentorum, etc. All this is badly corrupt both in the manuscript and in the editions, so that it can hardly be understood. I have believed it should be read thus: "Herds of cattle and flocks were seized from the fields for the daily sacrifices, with which he had so corrupted his courtiers that they scorned the corn-ration; and they lavished everywhere without choice, without measure, since he decked (that is, soothed) all his henchmen, whose number was huge, with costly clothes and gold coins, gave silver to the rank and file and the recruits, and honoured the barbarians with every kind of largess."

[12] ‹anchor: Eos› · note in col 254 Eos. Vel suos, id est, aulicos.

Eos. Or suos, that is, the courtiers.

[13] ‹anchor: Corruperat› · note in col 254 Corruperat. Quia jam mos invaluerat, ut in conviviis carnes praeberentur, quae Idolis oblatae fuerant.

Corruperat ("he had corrupted"). Because the custom had now grown strong that meats which had been offered to Idols were served at banquets.

[14] ‹anchor: Effundebant› · note in col 254 Effundebant. Alii, effundebat.

Effundebant. Others: effundebat.

[15] ‹anchor: Satellites› · note in col 254 Satellites. In ms. lites, sine ulla lacuna: verum cum doctiss. Toinardo et Tollio reposui satellites; nostraque correctio confirmatur tum ex sequentibus dono suis dabat, tum ex Ruffino, lib. VIII, cap. 17: Unde et montes auri, ut ita dixerim, congregatos familiaribus suis ac satellitibus largiebatur; et Lactantius infra, cap. 38, sub finem: His satellitibus et protectoribus cinctus.

Satellites ("henchmen"). In the manuscript lites, without any gap: but with the most learned Toinard and Tollius I have restored satellites; and our correction is confirmed both by what follows, "he gave to his own as a gift," and by Rufinus, book VIII, ch. 17: "Whence he lavished mountains of gold, so to speak, gathered together on his friends and henchmen"; and Lactantius below, ch. 38, near the end: "surrounded by these henchmen and guards."

[16] ‹anchor: Expungeret› · note in col 254 Expungeret. Ms., Expungerent. — Aureis nummis expungeret. Quod est, satellites pretiosis vestibus et aureis nummis. Rejiciendi genus est, protinus aliud invicem., Seneca, lib. IV, Ben., c. 40: Mittere, et munus munere expungere. BUN.

Expungeret. The manuscript: Expungerent. — "Aureis nummis expungeret ('he paid off with gold coins'). That is, the henchmen with costly clothes and gold coins. It is a way of returning, giving something else back at once (as printed): Seneca, On Benefits book IV, ch. 40: 'to send, and pay off a gift with a gift.'" BÜNEMANN.

[17] ‹anchor: Barbaros omni genere largitionis honoraret› · note in col 254 Barbaros omni genere largitionis honoraret. Ms., omni genere largitionibus.

"He honoured the barbarians with every kind of largess." The manuscript: omni genere largitionibus.

[18] ‹anchor: Prout› · note in col 254 Prout. In ms. desideratur. — Dabat, ut quisque. Prius editi, dabat prout quisque. In ms. teste critico anonymo, dabatur quisque: hinc ille criticus rectius fuit, dabatur, ut quisque, addo, aliorum prout me nusquam alibi in Lactantio observasse. BUN.

Prout. It is lacking in the manuscript. — "Dabat, ut quisque. The earlier editions: dabat prout quisque. In the manuscript, on the anonymous critic's witness, dabatur quisque: hence that critic did better, dabatur, ut quisque. I add that I have nowhere else observed in Lactantius the prout of the others." BÜNEMANN.

[19] ‹anchor: Nescio an [non] agendas illi fuisse gratias putem› · note in col 254 Nescio an [non] agendas illi fuisse gratias putem. Lego cum Cupero an non, quod est ironia. Non deest in ms.

"I do not know whether I should [not] think thanks were due to him." I read with Cuper an non, which is irony. Non is missing in the manuscript.

[20] ‹anchor: More clementium latronum› · note in col 254 More clementium latronum. Sic Salvianus: Latrones hoc proverbio uti solent, ut quibus non auferunt vitam, dedisse se dicant.

"In the manner of merciful robbers." So Salvian: "Robbers are wont to use this proverb, that to those from whom they do not take life, they say they have given it."

[21] ‹anchor: Capitale› · note in col 254 Capitale. In ms., Capitali.

Capitale. In the manuscript, Capitali.

[22] ‹anchor: Et› · note in col 254 Et. Ita ms. Aliis ei, pro et.

Et. So the manuscript. Others have ei for et.

[23] ‹anchor: Quid dicam nescio› · note in col 254 Quid dicam nescio. Lactantius, lib. I, cap. 21: Nam de infantibus, qui Saturno immolabantur propter odium Jovis, quid dicam nescio.

"What I should say I do not know." Lactantius, book I, ch. 21: "For of the infants who were sacrificed to Saturn out of hatred of Jupiter, what I should say I do not know."

[24] ‹anchor: Exprimi pro indignatione sua non potest› · note in col 254 Exprimi pro indignatione sua non potest. In ms., exprimere. Quod si legas, deesse videtur Mens; atque sic esset legendum, et tamen his verbis [mens] exprimere pro indignatione sua non potest. Sic Lactantius, lib. VI Divin. Institut., cap. 23: Quibus hoc verbis, aut qua indignatione tantum nefas prosequar? vincit officium linguae sceleris magnitudo.

"It cannot be expressed as its outrage deserves." In the manuscript, exprimere. If you read that, Mens seems to be missing; and so it should be read: "and yet [the mind] cannot express it in these words as its outrage deserves." So Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VI, ch. 23: "With what words, or with what indignation, shall I pursue so great a wickedness? The greatness of the crime overcomes the office of the tongue."

[25] ‹anchor: Nobilibus foeminis› · note in col 254, continues Nobilibus foeminis. Augebat indignitatem rei, quod nobiles essent. Nam servile prorsus, et liberis corporibus detestabile erat, sic considerari. Servitia sic solebant a mangonibus inspicienda sisti licitantibus. COLUMB. — Ruffinus, lib. VIII, cap. 17: Cui etiam inter caetera hoc etiam singulare studium erat, ne ullam non dico urbem, sed vel breve oppidum, absque adulterio nobilium matronarum, quae per loca fuissent repertae, vel corruptione virginum praeteriret. Latinis foe- (continues)

Nobilibus foeminis ("from noble women"). It increased the outrage of the thing that they were noble. For to be examined so was wholly servile, and abhorrent to free bodies. Slaves were wont to be set up so by the dealers to be inspected by bidders. COLUMBUS. — Rufinus, book VIII, ch. 17: "Who among other things had also this singular zeal, that he passed by no city, I do not say, but not even a small town, without the adultery of noble matrons who were found in those places, or the corruption of virgins." For the Latins foe[minae] … (continues)

(printed under page 126)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Nobilibus foeminis› · note in col 255

(continued) minae non solae sunt, quae viris junctae sunt, sed et virgines. Glossaria Labbei, Foemina, θήλεια quam vocem vulgo per foeminea, seu quae foeminei sexus est, interpretantur, quod virginibus quoque proprium est. BAULDRI.

[2] ‹anchor: Vestes› · note in col 255 Vestes. In ms., Vris, male.

Vestes. In the manuscript, Vris, badly.

[3] ‹anchor: Per singulos artus inspiciebantur› · note in col 255 Per singulos artus inspiciebantur. Casaubonus notat, ut servos, sic et servas nudas ab emptoribus fuisse inspectas. Non absimilis (inquit Tollius) olim Persarum licentia, et hodie Turcarum, atque item Persarum.

"They were inspected limb by limb." Casaubon notes that as male slaves, so also female slaves were inspected naked by buyers. "Not unlike," says Tollius, "was the licence of the Persians of old, and of the Turks today, and likewise of the Persians."

[4] ‹anchor: Detrectaverat› · note in col 255 Detrectaverat. Ms. legit detractaverat.

Detrectaverat. The manuscript reads detractaverat.

[5] ‹anchor: Tanquam majestatis crimen esset sub illo adultero pudicitia› · note in col 255 Tanquam majestatis crimen esset sub illo adultero pudicitia. Ita ms. Nescio quo pacto dictio pudicitia, tam necessaria ad hujus loci intelligentiam, in nulla editione reperiatur.

"As though under that adulterer chastity were a crime of treason." So the manuscript. I do not know how the word pudicitia, so necessary to understanding this place, is found in no edition.

[6] ‹anchor: Castitatem ac fidem› · note in col 255 Castitatem ac fidem. In ms., castitate ac fide.

Castitatem ac fidem. In the manuscript, castitate ac fide.

[7] ‹anchor: Monstro, pudicitiae› · note in col 255 Monstro, pudicitiae. Ministro constanter legitur in ms. quod ferri non potest; dictio enim ministri non convenit Principi. Legendum, Sub hoc monstro, pudicitiae integritas nulla; aut, Sub hoc monstro impudicitiae, integritas nulla. ALMELOV. et BAULDRI.

Monstro, pudicitiae. Ministro is read throughout in the manuscript, which cannot be borne; for the word "minister" does not suit a Prince. Read: "Under this monster, no integrity of chastity"; or "Under this monster of unchastity, no integrity." ALMELOVEEN and BAULDRI.

[8] ‹anchor: Ut ipse in omnibus nuptiis praegustator esset› · note in col 255 Ut ipse in omnibus nuptiis praegustator esset. Id est, novam nuptam deflorarct; si hoc verbo uti licet.

"That he himself should be the foretaster at every wedding." That is, that he should deflower the new bride; if one may use this word (deflorarct, as printed).

[9] ‹anchor: Ingenuas virgines imminutas› · note in col 255 Ingenuas virgines imminutas. Imminutas, id est corruptas, vel violatas. Proba ms. codicis lectio; nec mutanda, siquidem ipsemet Lactantius, Div. Institut., lib. I, cap. 10, paulo ante finem, de spurco illo Jove Paganorum ait: Reliquam suam vitam in stupris adulteriisque consumpsit. Omitto virgines quas imminuit.

"Freeborn virgins impaired." Imminutas, that is, corrupted, or violated. A sound reading of the manuscript codex, and not to be changed, since Lactantius himself, Divine Institutes book I, ch. 10, a little before the end, says of that filthy Jupiter of the Pagans: "He spent the rest of his life in debaucheries and adulteries. I pass over the virgins whom he impaired."

[10] ‹anchor: Comites› · note in col 255 Comites. Id est, aulae proceres, qui principem sectabantur.

Comites. That is, the nobles of the court, who followed the prince.

[11] ‹anchor: Imitabantur [hoc exemplum, et civium] suorum, etc.› · note in col 255 Imitabantur [hoc exemplum, et civium] suorum, etc. Ms., Imitabatur, mendose. Per hoc exemplum et civium, quindecim litterarum lacunam manuscripti codicis supplevi. Aliter tamen legi posset, cum propius inspicienti appareant in ms. duae litterae Tr. quae priores sunt litterae vocis Tribuni.

"They imitated [this example, and] of their [fellow-citizens]," etc. The manuscript: Imitabatur, wrongly. With hoc exemplum et civium I have filled a gap of fifteen letters in the manuscript codex. It could, however, be read otherwise, since to one looking more closely two letters, Tr., appear in the manuscript, which are the first letters of the word Tribuni.

[12] ‹anchor: In Beneficiis› · note in col 255 In Beneficiis. Beneficium eo loco significat remunerationem concessam ob quaedam munia recte suscepta et perfecta.

In Beneficiis. Beneficium in that place means a reward granted for certain duties rightly undertaken and carried out.

[13] ‹anchor: Recusari licebat› · note in col 255 Recusari licebat. Ita ms. Mallem, recusare licebat, metu submersionis.

Recusari licebat. So the manuscript. I would prefer recusare licebat, for fear of drowning.

[14] ‹anchor: Stipator in latere ei› · note in col 255 Stipator in latere ei. Sic reposuerunt editores, pro inlata rei, quod est in ms. corrupte.

"A guard at his side." So the editors restored it, for inlata rei, which is corruptly in the manuscript.

[15] ‹anchor: A Gothis... pulsi› · note in col 256 A Gothis... pulsi. Ad Galerium Maximianum Caesarem confugerunt, et postea se Maximino, quem Galerius adoptaverat, adjunxerunt, et in numerum Satellitum ac protectorum ejus allecti sunt. BALUZ.

"Driven out by the Goths." They fled to the Caesar Galerius Maximian, and afterwards attached themselves to Maximinus, whom Galerius had adopted, and were enrolled among his henchmen and guards. BALUZE.

[16] ‹anchor: Protectoribus› · note in col 256 Protectoribus. Id est, corporis custodibus.

Protectoribus. That is, bodyguards.

[17] ‹anchor: Orientem ludibrio habuit› · note in col 256 Orientem ludibrio habuit. Ms. pro ludibrio, habet indibria, corrupte. Haec mire conveniunt cum extremis verbis capitis 19: Daia vero... accepit Orientem calcandum atque conterendum.

"He made a mockery of the East." For ludibrio the manuscript has indibria, corruptly. This agrees wonderfully with the last words of ch. 19: "But Daia ... received the East to be trampled and crushed."

[18] ‹anchor: Concupisset› · note in col 256 Concupisset. Sic et Lactantius, audisset, quaesisset.

Concupisset. So too Lactantius: audisset, quaesisset.

[19] ‹anchor: Matrem› · note in col 256 Matrem. Propter Maximini adoptionem a Maximiano Galerio factam, cujus uxor et vidua erat Valeria.

Matrem ("mother"). Because of Maximinus's adoption by Maximian Galerius, whose wife and widow Valeria was.

[20] ‹anchor: Ad eum› · note in col 256 Ad eum. Scilicet Maximinum Daiam, in cujus aulam illa post mariti mortem concesserat, ibi se tutius moraturam esse putans, spreto Licinio, cui eam Galerius commendaverat. BALUZ.

Ad eum ("to him"). That is, Maximinus Daia, to whose court she had withdrawn after her husband's death, thinking she would stay more safely there, scorning Licinius, to whom Galerius had commended her. BALUZE.

[21] ‹anchor: Praemissis› · note in col 256 Praemissis. Ms., primis. — Buneman. sequitur ms. et habet, Legatis primis, notamque sequentem exhibet: — Legatis primis. Editi omnes, legatis praemissis. At ms. primis. Ad indicandam impudentiam videtur dixisse legatis primis, id est per primos jam legatos. BUN.

Praemissis ("sent ahead"). The manuscript: primis. — Bünemann follows the manuscript and has Legatis primis, and gives the following note: "Legatis primis. All the editions: legatis praemissis. But the manuscript: primis. To show his shamelessness he seems to have said legatis primis, that is, through the very first envoys." BÜNEMANN.

[22] ‹anchor: Quae sola poterat› · note in col 256 Quae sola poterat. Subaudi, libere respondere. Non verebatur enim, ne ipsam vi stupraret, vel necaret Maximinus. Tantum scilicet in Imperatoris uxorem viduam non audebat tyrannus. HEUMANNUS.

"Who alone could." Understand: answer freely. For she did not fear that Maximinus would rape her by force, or kill her. So much, that is, the tyrant did not dare against an Emperor's widowed wife. HEUMANN.

[23] ‹anchor: Ferali› · note in col 256 Ferali. Ms. fedali, corrupte.

Ferali. The manuscript: fedali, corruptly.

[24] ‹anchor: Patris ejus› · note in col 256 Patris ejus. Scilicet Galerii Maximiani, qui erat per adoptionem pater Maximini.

Patris ejus ("his father"). That is, Galerius Maximian, who was by adoption Maximinus's father.

[25] ‹anchor: Fidam› · note in col 256 Fidam. In ms. fidem. Forte, fidelem, breviatis litteris.

Fidam. In the manuscript, fidem. Perhaps fidelem, with the letters abbreviated.

[26] ‹anchor: Nominis ac loci› · note in col 256 Nominis ac loci. Id est, dignitatis. lib. V Institut., cap. 1: Non ignobilis.... loci. Spartianus in Antonino Geta, cap. 3: Sed jam optimi in republica loci. Lampridius in Alex. Sever., cap. 5: Non magni satis loci. BUN.

Nominis ac loci ("of name and station"). That is, of rank. Institutes book V, ch. 1: "not of ignoble .... station." Spartianus in Antoninus Geta, ch. 3: "but now of the best station in the State." Lampridius in Alexander Severus, ch. 5: "of no great enough station." BÜNEMANN.

[27] ‹anchor: Feminam› · note in col 256 Feminam. In ms. femina.

Feminam. In the manuscript, femina.

[28] ‹anchor: Sine exemplo› · note in col 256 Sine exemplo. Via exemplum secundarum nuptiarum in Augusteis feminis habemus, praeter Lucillae Lucii Veri uxoris, quam post viri mortem pater Marcus Antoninus Claudio Pompeiano seni, equitis Romani filio, invitam tamen tradidit. Vide Capitolin. in Marco, cap. 20.

Sine exemplo ("without precedent"). We have hardly (Via, as printed) an example of second marriages among imperial women, except that of Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus, whom after her husband's death her father Marcus Antoninus gave, though against her will, to the old Claudius Pompeianus, son of a Roman knight. See Capitolinus, Marcus, ch. 20.

[29] ‹anchor: Homini› · note in col 256 Homini. Pro illi, scilicet Maximino.

Homini ("to the man"). For illi, that is, to Maximinus.

(printed under page 127)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Comites› · note in col 257 Comites. Hic feminini generis.

Comites. Here of the feminine gender.

[2] ‹anchor: Ipsam cum matre in exilium relegat› · note in col 257 Ipsam cum matre in exilium relegat. Valeriam nempe cum Prisca Diocletiani uxore, de qua pluribus actum est ad cap. 15. Ipsam, in ms. ipsa.

"He banishes her with her mother into exile." Valeria, namely, with Prisca, Diocletian's wife, of whom more was said at ch. 15. Ipsam, in the manuscript ipsa.

[3] ‹anchor: Amicas ejus› · note in col 257 Amicas ejus. Scilicet Valeriae.

Amicas ejus ("her friends"). Valeria's, that is.

[4] ‹anchor: Afficto› · note in col 257 Afficto. Ms. afflicto, corrupte.

Afficto. The manuscript: afflicto, corruptly.

[5] ‹anchor: Suspicatur› · note in col 257 Suspicatur. Sic in ms. Editi vero suspicabatur. Maximinus scilicet suspicatur.

Suspicatur. So in the manuscript. But the editions: suspicabatur. Maximinus, that is, suspects.

[6] ‹anchor: Eratineo› · note in col 257 Eratineo. Locus videtur corruptus: Praesidis nomen est. BALUZ. — Forsan Eratino, ut sit Graecum ἐρατεινὸν, quod idem ac ἐράσμιος. Attamen Heumannus loco Eratineo suspicatur legendum esse protinus, quod verbum Lactantio est familiare, ut videtur hujusce libri cap. 29, 30 et 39.

Eratineo. The place seems corrupt: it is the governor's name. BALUZE. — Perhaps Eratino, so that it would be the Greek ἐρατεινόν ("lovely"), which is the same as ἐράσμιος. Yet Heumann suspects that instead of Eratineo one should read protinus, a word familiar to Lactantius, as is seen in this book, ch. 29, 30 and 39.

[7] ‹anchor: Famulam› · note in col 257 Famulam. Nonnulli legere volunt jure ac merito filiam.

Famulam. Some, with right and reason, want to read filiam.

[8] ‹anchor: Fugitivae› · note in col 257 Fugitivae. In ms. furtive, male.

Fugitivae. In the manuscript, furtive, badly.

[9] ‹anchor: Non nimis Augustae proxima› · note in col 257 Non nimis Augustae proxima. Ita ms. Nonnulli legere volunt non minus; alii non nihil.

"Not too close to the Augusta." So the manuscript. Some want to read non minus; others non nihil.

[10] ‹anchor: Necabatur› · note in col 257 Necabatur. Ms. necabantur.

Necabatur. The manuscript: necabantur.

[11] ‹anchor: Invenitur quidam Judaeus, etc.› · note in col 257 Invenitur quidam Judaeus, etc. Non hoc primum a Maximino inventum. Praeiverat enim illi vir boni exempli Nero, cum Octaviam uxorem repudiare vellet in gratiam Poppeae Vide. Tacit. lib. XIV Annalium.

"A certain Jew is found," etc. This was not first devised by Maximinus. For that man of good example Nero had gone before him, when he wished to divorce his wife Octavia to please Poppaea. See Tacitus, Annals book XIV.

[12] ‹anchor: Judex aequus et diligens› · note in col 257 Judex aequus et diligens. Ironice dictum.

"A fair and careful judge." Said ironically.

[13] ‹anchor: Obruatur› · note in col 257 Obruatur. Scilicet a civibus, qui earum innocentiam noverant; vel forte, ne Judaeus ipse ob falsum testimonium lapidibus obruatur.

Obruatur ("be overwhelmed"). By the citizens, that is, who knew the women's innocence; or perhaps, lest the Jew himself be stoned for false witness.

[14] ‹anchor: Jussus erat diceret; hae ne loquerentur› · note in col 257 Jussus erat diceret; hae ne loquerentur. Sic restituit criticus anonymus, qui ms. inspexerat in quo quatuordecim circiter desunt litterae. Alii legunt jussus clam erat, palam, et sic legendum esse conjiciebat doctissimus Nic. Heinsius. At in ms. legi loquerentur et coercentur, quae nolui mutare.

"That he should say what he had been ordered; that these should not speak." So the anonymous critic restored it, who had examined the manuscript, in which about fourteen letters are missing. Others read jussus clam erat, palam, and the most learned Nicolaas Heinsius conjectured it should be read so. But in the manuscript I read loquerentur and coercentur, which I chose not to change.

[15] ‹anchor: Jubentur› · note in col 257 Jubentur. Adde, ad supplicium.

Jubentur. Add: to punishment.

[16] ‹anchor: Tantum› · note in col 257 Tantum. Ms. tanti.

Tantum. The manuscript: tanti.

[17] ‹anchor: Contraxerat› · note in col 257 Contraxerat. Id est, advocaverat ad spectaculum.

Contraxerat. That is, he had summoned to the spectacle.

[18] ‹anchor: Manibus› · note in col 257 Manibus. In ms. manus.

Manibus. In the manuscript, manus.

[19] ‹anchor: Promoti› · note in col 257 Promoti. Vel progressi, vel ut volunt quidam, duces militares, qui ad ordines priores promoti sunt.

Promoti. Either "having gone forward," or, as some will have it, military leaders who have been promoted to the front ranks.

[20] ‹anchor: Instructi velites et sagittarii prosequuntur› · note in col 258 Instructi velites et sagittarii prosequuntur. Sic lego cum Baluzio inter suae editionis errata, cum sit in ms., instructibile mens essagittari, nullo sensu, et sit idem litterarum numerus. Recte enim hic (inquit) conjunguntur velites et sagittarii, cum utrique sint levis armaturae milites.

"Skirmishers and archers in array follow." So I read with Baluze, among the errata of his edition, since in the manuscript it is instructibile mens essagittari, without sense, and the number of letters is the same. "For rightly here," he says, "skirmishers and archers are joined, since both are soldiers of light armour."

[21] ‹anchor: Jacuissentque› · note in col 258 Jacuissentque. Ita ms. et recte. Deest que in priscis editionibus.

Jacuissentque. So the manuscript, and rightly. The que is missing in the early editions.

[22] ‹anchor: Adultero› · note in col 258 Adultero. Scilicet Judaeo. Adultero, in ms., adulterio.

Adultero ("to the adulterer"). The Jew, that is. Adultero, in the manuscript adulterio.

[23] ‹anchor: Aperuit› · note in col 258 Aperuit. Heumannus legit aperit.

Aperuit. Heumann reads aperit.

[24] ‹anchor: Inquit› · note in col 258 Inquit. Ms. in quod. Redundat hoc verbum, vel mutandum ut fecimus, cum additione conjunctionis, ac quae deest in ms. quasi diceret, sub extremo spiritu locutus est, vel ait omnibus qui videbant, ac innocentes occisas esse testatur.

Inquit ("he says"). The manuscript: in quod. This word is superfluous, or must be changed as we have done, with the addition of the conjunction ac, which is missing in the manuscript; as though he said, "with his last breath he spoke," or "said to all who were watching, and bears witness that the women were killed innocent."

[25] ‹anchor: Augusta› · note in col 258 Augusta. Valeria nempe, Galerii Maximiani vidua.

Augusta. Valeria, namely, the widow of Galerius Maximian.

[26] ‹anchor: Gnarum› · note in col 258 Gnarum. Ms. magnarum, male.

Gnarum. The manuscript: magnarum, badly.

[27] ‹anchor: Calamitatis› · note in col 258 Calamitatis. In ms., calamitates.

Calamitatis. In the manuscript, calamitates.

[28] ‹anchor: Deprecetur› · note in col 258 Deprecetur. Ms. Deprecatur. — Deprecetur. Valde precetur. Cic. lib. II, epist. 24: Legatos senatus non ad deprecandam pacem, sed ad bellum denuntiandum miserat. — Deprecetur. Ms., deprecatur. Illud prius rectius, pro precetur, ex indole Lactantii, cujus exempla indicari ad lib. III Instit. cap. 17. BUN.

Deprecetur. The manuscript: Deprecatur. — Deprecetur: let him pray earnestly. Cicero, letters book II, letter 24: "The senate had sent envoys not to plead for peace but to declare war." — "Deprecetur. The manuscript: deprecatur. The former is more correct, for precetur, according to Lactantius's character, examples of which I pointed out at Institutes book III, ch. 17." BÜNEMANN.

[29] ‹anchor: Imperfecta legatione› · note in col 258 Imperfecta legatione. Ita ms. nonnulli eruditi legi volebant, perfecta legatione. Quam ultimam lectionem valde probat Bunemannus notam sequentem exhibens: — Perfecta legatione. Sic omnino cum Heinsio legendum pro edd. ex ms. imperfecta; nisi malis, jam perfecta legatione. BUN.

"The embassy unaccomplished." So the manuscript; some scholars wanted perfecta legatione read. Bünemann strongly approves this last reading, giving the following note: — "Perfecta legatione. So, by all means, it should be read with Heinsius, instead of the editions' imperfecta from the manuscript; unless you prefer jam perfecta legatione." BÜNEMANN.

[30] ‹anchor: Eodemque tempore› · note in col 258 Eodemque tempore. Ita ms. Duo eruditi viri vellent, eodem quoque tempore.

Eodemque tempore. So the manuscript. Two learned men would want eodem quoque tempore.

[31] ‹anchor: Senis› · note in col 258 Senis. In ms. senex.

Senis. In the manuscript, senex.

[32] ‹anchor: Maximiani› · note in col 258 Maximiani. Herculii nempe.

Maximiani. Herculius, namely.

[33] ‹anchor: Senis Maximiani statuae... revellebantur› · note in col 258 Senis Maximiani statuae... revellebantur. Confirmantur ab Eusebio, hist. Eccl. lib. VIII, cap. 13; lib. I Vitae Constantin., cap. 47, de quibus disputant Baluzius et Nurrius. BUN.

"The statues of old Maximian ... were torn down." This is confirmed by Eusebius, Church History book VIII, ch. 13; Life of Constantine book I, ch. 47; on which Baluze and Le Nourry dispute. BÜNEMANN.

[34] ‹anchor: Imagines cum quo pictus esset› · note in col 258 Imagines cum quo pictus esset. Ita ms. absque ulla lacuna. Post imagines, videtur deesse illius.

"The images with whom he had been painted." So the manuscript, without any gap. After imagines, illius seems to be missing.

(printed under page 128)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Senes ambo› · note in col 259 Senes ambo. Diocletianus scilicet, et Maximianus Herculius.

Senes ambo ("both old men"). Diocletian, that is, and Maximian Herculius.

[2] ‹anchor: Cum videret vivus› · note in col 259 Cum videret vivus. Diocletianus, cujus viventis imagines deponebantur; quia conjunctae erant cum imaginibus Herculii.

"When he saw, while alive." Diocletian, whose images were taken down while he was alive, because they were joined with the images of Herculius.

[3] ‹anchor: Nulli› · note in col 259 Nulli. In ms., nulla.

Nulli. In the manuscript, nulla.

[4] ‹anchor: Duplici aegritudine› · note in col 259 Duplici aegritudine. Scilicet ob contumeliam tum filiae, tum sibi illatam. HEUM.

Duplici aegritudine ("with a twofold grief"). That is, over the insult done both to his daughter and to himself. HEUMANN.

[5] ‹anchor: Anima› · note in col 259 Anima. In ms., animam.

Anima. In the manuscript, animam.

[6] ‹anchor: Per dolorem› · note in col 259 Per dolorem. Id est, prae dolore, vel propter dolorem.

Per dolorem. That is, for grief, or because of grief.

[7] ‹anchor: Suspiria› · note in col 259 Suspiria. Cuspinianus in Diocletiano: Quidam dicunt stupore mentis, et longa aegritudine confectum, animam inter suspiria efflasse. Ex CEDRENO.

Suspiria ("sighs"). Cuspinian on Diocletian: "Some say that, worn out by stupor of mind and long grief, he breathed out his soul amid sighs." From CEDRENUS.

[8] ‹anchor: Adeo› · note in col 259 Adeo. Viri docti legebant a Deo.

Adeo. Learned men read a Deo ("by God").

[9] ‹anchor: In odium vitae dejectus› · note in col 259 In odium vitae dejectus. Ita ms. licet mox praecesserit dejectus. Quare plures legere mallent devectus; alii adductus, ut Cicero in odium, in invidiam adducere. — In odium vitae dejectus. Legitur pro dejectus, deductus apud Buneman. qui notam sequentem dedit: — In odium vitae deductus. Ita Graevius correxit. Lactantius lib. II, cap. 1: Ad extremam mendicandi necessitatem deductus; lib. II, cap. 1: deductus ad... caecitatem. Val. Max. lib. I, cap. 1: Regulus ad captivi fortunam deductus. Ipsa phrasis vix invenietur. BUN.

"Cast down into hatred of life." So the manuscript, though dejectus had just preceded. So several would prefer to read devectus; others adductus, as Cicero says "to bring into hatred, into ill-will." — In odium vitae dejectus. For dejectus, deductus is read in Bünemann, who gave the following note: — "In odium vitae deductus ('brought down to hatred of life'). So Graevius corrected. Lactantius, book II, ch. 1: 'brought down to the extreme need of begging'; book II, ch. 1: 'brought down to ... blindness.' Valerius Maximus, book I, ch. 1: 'Regulus brought down to the lot of a captive.' The phrase itself will hardly be found." BÜNEMANN.

[10] ‹anchor: Fame atque angore confectus est› · note in col 259 Fame atque angore confectus est. Alii eum morbo aquae intercutis extinctum ferunt, alii veneno, Suidas suspendio. Ut ut se res habeat, perisse eum constat anno 312, ante nuptias Licinii et Constantiae. PAGIUS.

"He was worn out by hunger and anguish." Some report that he died of dropsy, others by poison, Suidas by hanging. However the matter stands, it is certain that he perished in the year 312, before the marriage of Licinius and Constantia. PAGI.

[11] ‹anchor: Unus supererat› · note in col 259 Unus supererat. Nimirum Maximinus cognomine Daza vel Daia, adhuc qui Orienti praeerat.

Unus supererat ("one was left"). Maximinus, of course, surnamed Daza or Daia, who still ruled the East.

[12] ‹anchor: Quia› · note in col 259 Quia. In ms. qui ad.

Quia. In the manuscript, qui ad.

[13] ‹anchor: Ut› · note in col 259 Ut. In ms. bis repetitur ut, ut.

Ut. In the manuscript ut is repeated twice: ut, ut.

[14] ‹anchor: Constantini sororem› · note in col 259 Constantini sororem. Constantiam, quae postea sic Ario favit, ut etiam fratrem suum ad eum protegendum impelleret. BALUZ.

Constantini sororem ("Constantine's sister"). Constantia, who afterwards so favoured Arius that she even urged her brother to protect him. BALUZE.

[15] ‹anchor: Desponsam› · note in col 259 Desponsam. Id est, desponsatam.

Desponsam ("betrothed"). That is, desponsatam.

[16] ‹anchor: Postulatum› · note in col 259 Postulatum. In ms. legitur postulatam; editi habent postulans. Scripsimus postulatum, quod rectius videtur.

Postulatum. In the manuscript postulatam is read; the editions have postulans. We have written postulatum, which seems more correct.

[17] ‹anchor: Familiariter› · note in col 259 Familiariter. Id est, amice.

Familiariter. That is, in friendly terms.

[18] ‹anchor: Necem patris sui› · note in col 260 Necem patris sui. Maximiani Herculii, quem Constantinus strangulari jusserat apud Massiliam. Zozimus lib. II: Maxentius occasiones gerendi adversus Constantinum belli quaerebat, seque dolere propter obitum patris sui simulans, cui mortis causam Constantinus praebuisset. BALUZ.

"His father's murder." That of Maximian Herculius, whom Constantine had ordered strangled at Massilia. Zosimus, book II: "Maxentius was seeking occasions for waging war against Constantine, pretending to grieve over the death of his father, the cause of whose death Constantine had furnished." BALUZE.

[19] ‹anchor: Senem illum› · note in col 260 Senem illum. Maximianum Herculium.

Senem illum ("that old man"). Maximian Herculius.

[20] ‹anchor: Tam exitiabilem› · note in col 260 Tam exitiabilem. Sic reposui, cum in ms. sit tiabilem, cum defectu trium aut quatuor initialium litterarum. Potest etiam legi, si mavis, detestabilem, supprimendo tam.

Tam exitiabilem ("so deadly"). So I have restored it, since in the manuscript it is tiabilem, with three or four initial letters missing. One can also read, if you prefer, detestabilem, suppressing tam.

[21] ‹anchor: Finxisse Discordiam› · note in col 260 Finxisse Discordiam. Eutropius lib. X: Inde ad Gallias profectus est, dolo composito, tanquam a filio esset expulsus. BALUZ.

"To have feigned the quarrel." Eutropius, book X: "Thence he set out for Gaul, by a contrived trick, as though he had been driven out by his son." BALUZE.

[22] ‹anchor: Succidendos› · note in col 260 Succidendos. In ms. succedendos.

Succidendos. In the manuscript, succedendos.

[23] ‹anchor: Jam mota inter eos fuerant arma civilia› · note in col 260 Jam mota inter eos fuerant arma civilia. Inter Constantinum et Maxentium, ab anno nempe 311.

"Civil war had now been stirred between them." Between Constantine and Maxentius, from the year 311, that is.

[24] ‹anchor: Responsum› · note in col 260 Responsum. Ab oraculo scilicet.

Responsum. From an oracle, that is.

[25] ‹anchor: Duces› · note in col 260 Duces. Ms., ducere.

Duces. The manuscript: ducere.

[26] ‹anchor: Et suum proprium› · note in col 260 Et suum proprium. Locutio Lactantiana: lib. IV, cap. 14: Suum proprium; lib. III, cap. 10 et lib. IV, cap. 40: Suo proprio; lib. V, cap. 2: Alii suo proprio adversus justos odio; et de Opif. cap. 2: Singulis autem generibus ad propulsandos impetus externos sua propria munimenta constituit.

Et suum proprium ("and his very own"). A Lactantian phrase: book IV, ch. 14: suum proprium; book III, ch. 10, and book IV, ch. 40: suo proprio; book V, ch. 2: "others by their very own hatred against the just"; and On the Workmanship of God, ch. 2: "But to each kind he has appointed its very own defences for repelling attacks from without."

[27] ‹anchor: Italis› · note in col 260 Italis. Heum. putat, et quidem recte, legend. esse Getulis, qui Mauris erant proximi. — De Mauris atque Italis. Heuman. ingeniose, de Mauris ac Getulis. Nempe enim hi vicini junguntur. Tolerari tamen potest ms. recepta lectio; nam vel maxime necessarium fuit, etiam ex Italis, quippe propinquioribus locis extractum exercitum Romam versus contrahere. BUN.

Italis. Heumann thinks, and rightly, that Getulis should be read, who were nearest the Moors. — "De Mauris atque Italis. Heumann, ingeniously: de Mauris ac Getulis. For these, being neighbours, are joined. Yet the received reading of the manuscript can be tolerated; for it was most necessary to draw an army towards Rome raised also from the Italians, as from nearer places." BÜNEMANN.

[28] ‹anchor: Dimicatum, etc.› · note in col 260 Dimicatum, etc. Heumannus legit, Dimicatum est.

Dimicatum, etc. Heumann reads Dimicatum est.

[29] ‹anchor: Ad utrumque paratus› · note in col 260 Ad utrumque paratus. Eventum puta peremptorium, citam mortem, aut victoriam laetam. Apud Virgilium Aeneidos, l. II, v. 61: Fidens animi, atque ad utrumque paratus.

"Ready for either." Take it as the decisive outcome: swift death, or glad victory. In Virgil, Aeneid book II, v. 61: "Confident in mind, and ready for either."

[30] ‹anchor: Pontis Mulii› · note in col 260 Pontis Mulii. Sequor ms. qui haud secus habet. In editis est Mulvii, quod verum est nomen, hodie Ponte Mole.

Pontis Mulii. I follow the manuscript, which has just this. In the editions it is Mulvii, which is the true name; today Ponte Mole.

(printed under page 129)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. --> [1] ‹anchor: Dies, quo Maxentius imperium ceperat... 6 kalend. novemb., etc.› · note in col 261 Dies, quo Maxentius imperium ceperat... 6 kalend. novemb., etc. Maxentius, ut ex Lactantio liquet, 6 kalend. novemb. id est, 27 octob. imperator Romae appellatus est. Maxentium vicit Constantinus 6 kalend. novemb. auctore eodem Lactantio.

"The day on which Maxentius had taken power ... the sixth day before the Kalends of November," etc. Maxentius, as is clear from Lactantius, was proclaimed emperor at Rome on the sixth day before the Kalends of November, that is, 27 October. Constantine defeated Maxentius on the sixth day before the Kalends of November, on the authority of the same Lactantius.

[2] ‹anchor: Commonitus in quiete› · note in col 261 Commonitus in quiete. Proprium hoc verbum. Moneri enim dicuntur, quibus Deus aliquid per somnium imperat. Vide Inscript. Antiq. TOLLIUS.

"Warned in sleep." This is the proper word. For those are said to be "warned" (moneri) to whom God commands something through a dream. See the Ancient Inscriptions. TOLLIUS.

[3] ‹anchor: Coeleste signum› · note in col 261 Coeleste signum. Immortale signum alibi vocat Lactantius lib. IV, cap. 27, id est, signum crucis. Iste porro locus est magni momenti. Signat enim, et locum, et diem quo crux, in qua vinceret, ostensa est Constantino. Nam cum ex testimonio Eusebii, qui se id accepisse ait ab ore Constantini, constet visum ab eo crucis trophaeum in coelo horis meridianis, sole in occasum vergente; et addubitanti quidnam hoc spectrum sibi vellet, nocte sequenti Christum Dei dormienti apparuisse cum signo illo, quod in coelo ostensum fuerat, praecepisseque, ut militari signo ad similitudinem ejus, quod in coelo vidisset, fabricato, eo tamquam salutari praesidio in praeliis uteretur: certum est utramque visionem uno in loco, et intra spatium aliquot horarum contigisse.

Coeleste signum ("the heavenly sign"). Elsewhere, book IV, ch. 27, Lactantius calls it "the immortal sign," that is, the sign of the cross. This place is moreover of great importance. For it marks both the place and the day on which the cross, in which he was to conquer, was shown to Constantine. For since it is established from the testimony of Eusebius, who says he received it from Constantine's own mouth, that he saw the trophy of the cross in the sky in the afternoon hours, as the sun was turning to its setting; and that, as he wondered what this vision meant, the following night the Christ of God appeared to him as he slept with that sign which had been shown in the sky, and commanded him to have a military standard made in the likeness of what he had seen in the sky and to use it as a saving defence in battles: it is certain that both visions happened in one place and within the space of a few hours.

[4] ‹anchor: Et transversa X littera, summo capite circumflexo. Christum in scutis notat› · note in col 261 Et transversa X littera, summo capite circumflexo. Christum in scutis notat. Ms. Christo. Haec ita intelligenda sunt, ut Christi Monogramma circumflexum fuerit in capite Labari, ut videmus in nummis veteribus.

"And with the letter X turned across, its top bent round, he marks Christ on the shields." The manuscript: Christo. This is to be understood thus: that the monogram of Christ, bent round, was at the head of the Labarum, as we see on ancient coins.

[5] ‹anchor: Sine imperatore› · note in col 261 Sine imperatore. Sine Maxentio.

Sine imperatore ("without the emperor"). Without Maxentius.

[6] ‹anchor: Concurrit› · note in col 261 Concurrit. Concurrere, passim est ad pugnam, ad praelium procedere. Accipio autem hic pari fronte concurrere, pro eadem fiducia et alacritate, qua contra te veniant hostes, obviam illis ire. Vel si mavis, omnes aequali fronte concurrunt. Concurrit, alii concurrunt.

Concurrit. Concurrere commonly means to advance to the fight, to battle. But here I take pari fronte concurrere to mean going to meet the enemy with the same confidence and eagerness with which they come against you. Or, if you prefer, "all charge with an equal front." Concurrit; others concurrunt.

[7] ‹anchor: Neque his fuga nota, neque illis› · note in col 261 Neque his fuga nota, neque illis. Haec Virgilii Verba in antiquissimo Lactantii codice conservata confirmant a Pierio asserta, lib. X Aen. vers. 757: his neque... neque, non vero, ut hodie, neque nec legendum esse. BUN.

"Flight was known neither to these nor to those." These words of Virgil, preserved in the most ancient codex of Lactantius, confirm what Pierius maintained on Aeneid book X, line 757: that one should read his neque ... neque, and not, as today, neque nec. BÜNEMANN.

[8] ‹anchor: Dux increpitatur› · note in col 261 Dux increpitatur. Maxentius.

Dux increpitatur ("the leader is reproached"). Maxentius.

[9] ‹anchor: Natali suo› · note in col 261 Natali suo. Id est, die illo quo imperator factus est.

Natali suo ("on his birthday"). That is, on the day on which he was made emperor.

[10] ‹anchor: Edebat› · note in col 261, runs into col 262 Edebat. Ms. Cumque... et debita. nullo sensu. Pro et debita, cum nonnullis viris doctis lego edebat, scilicet Maxentius. Ms. Cumque, lego tumque; aliis cunctus.

Edebat ("he was putting on [games]"). The manuscript: Cumque ... et debita, without sense. For et debita, with some learned men I read edebat, namely Maxentius. Manuscript Cumque: I read tumque; others cunctus.

[11] ‹anchor: Scinditur› · note in col 262 Scinditur. De exciso ponte vide Euseb. lib. IX Hist. Eccles. cap. 9, et Zozimum, lib. XI, cap. 15.

Scinditur ("is broken"). On the cutting of the bridge see Eusebius, Church History book IX, ch. 9, and Zosimus, book XI (as printed), ch. 15.

[12] ‹anchor: Supererat aciei› · note in col 262 Supererat aciei. Biblica haec phrasis esse videtur: Exod. cap. XVII, v. 11. Forte legendum suberrat aciei (inquit Bauldri) id est, sese huc et illuc per pugnantium ordines extendit, vim suam latenter contra Maxentii milites exerens. Acies enim saepe pugna, seu praelium est. Suberrare autem aciei, ut apud Claudianum, suberrare montibus. Sed Heumann. ita legendum esse putat: At manu Dei superante, acies Maxentiana proterretur.

"Was over the battle-line." This seems a biblical phrase: Exodus 17:11. "Perhaps suberrat aciei ('wandered beneath the line') should be read," says Bauldri; "that is, it spread itself here and there through the ranks of the fighters, secretly putting forth its strength against Maxentius's soldiers. For acies is often the fight or battle. And suberrare aciei as in Claudian, suberrare montibus." But Heumann thinks it should be read thus: "But, the hand of God prevailing, Maxentius's line is put to flight."

[13] ‹anchor: Maxentianus proterretur› · note in col 262 Maxentianus proterretur. Ita ms. Maxentianus scilicet miles. Alii volunt, Maxentiana, nempe acies. Nonnulli malunt, Maxentiani proterrentur. Si quid immutandum esset, mallem, Maxentius proteritur. Proterrere est terrendo fugare.

"The Maxentian is put to flight." So the manuscript: the Maxentian soldier, that is. Others want Maxentiana, namely the line. Some prefer Maxentiani proterrentur. If anything were to be changed, I would prefer Maxentius proteritur ("Maxentius is trampled"). Proterrere is to put to flight by terror.

[14] ‹anchor: Ac› · note in col 262 Ac. In ms., hac.

Ac. In the manuscript, hac.

[15] ‹anchor: Tandem› · note in col 262 Tandem. Ms., tamen.

Tandem. The manuscript: tamen.

[16] ‹anchor: Titulum› · note in col 262 Titulum. Scilicet maximi. Post mortem Galerii Maximinus, quia prior Caesar, quanquam postremo Augustus fuerat, primas sibi in titulis atque honoribus inter ejus temporis Augustos vindicabat, ait Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. lib. IX, cap. 10. Jam vero Senatus decrevit, ut primus Augustorum Constantinus esset.

Titulum ("the title"). Of maximus, that is. After Galerius's death Maximinus, because he had been the earlier Caesar, though the last Augustus, claimed the first place in titles and honours among the Augusti of that time, says Eusebius, Church History book IX, ch. 10. But now the Senate decreed that Constantine should be the first of the Augusti.

[17] ‹anchor: Vindicabat› · note in col 262 Vindicabat. Forte, vindicarat.

Vindicabat. Perhaps vindicarat.

[18] ‹anchor: Adversus imperatorem maximum› · note in col 262 Adversus imperatorem maximum. Imperatoris filium, qui Transalpinas provincias haereditate, Italiam et Africam victoria tenebat. Non enim veri est simile, senatus illo decreto maximi tum cognomen datum fuisse. Adi Cuperum. CELL.

"Against the greatest emperor." The emperor's son, who held the provinces beyond the Alps by inheritance, Italy and Africa by victory. For it is not likely that the surname maximus was given then by that decree of the senate. Consult Cuper. CELLARIUS.

[19] ‹anchor: Contendit› · note in col 262 Contendit. Verbum istud in ms. mancum est et prope detritum, ac vix legi potest.

Contendit. This word in the manuscript is defective and almost worn away, and can hardly be read.

[20] ‹anchor: Uxorem› · note in col 262 Uxorem. Scilicet Constantiam, Constantini sororem.

Uxorem ("a wife"). Constantia, that is, Constantine's sister.

[21] ‹anchor: Quam› · note in col 262 Quam. Voculam hanc delendam putat Heumannus.

Quam. Heumann thinks this little word should be deleted.

[22] ‹anchor: Mansionibus geminatis› · note in col 262 Mansionibus geminatis. Id est, una die tantum fecit itineris, quantum duae mansiones in via Regia distabant invicem. Nec in prima, sed in secunda quiescebat. CELLAR.

Mansionibus geminatis ("with stages doubled"). That is, in one day he made as much of the journey as two stages on the royal road were apart. He rested not at the first, but at the second. CELLARIUS.

[23] ‹anchor: In Bithyniam concurrit› · note in col 262 In Bithyniam concurrit. Ita ms. Nonnulli volunt, accurrit; Almelov. cucurrit. Nam facile cu, in cum, et postea in con, mutatum est.

In Bithyniam concurrit ("he hastened into Bithynia"). So the manuscript. Some want accurrit; Almeloveen cucurrit. For cu was easily changed into cum, and afterwards into con.

(printed under page 130)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. Right edge of col 264 slightly cropped; letters at the cut supplied. --> [1] ‹anchor: Transjecto protinus freto› · note in col 263 Transjecto protinus freto. Thraciae nimirum. Vulgo Bosphorus Thracius nuncupatur.

"The strait being crossed at once." Of Thrace, that is. It is commonly called the Thracian Bosporus.

[2] ‹anchor: Ad hujusmodi casus› · note in col 263 Ad hujusmodi casus. In veteri codice legitur, ad hujusmodi causa Licinio conlocati. Nostra emendatio bona est. Et saepe in antiquis codicibus reperitur scriptum causa, pro casus; ut apud S. Ambrosium epist. 43: In natura casus est, in electione judicium; pro quo in vetustissimo codice ms. Ecclesiae Bellovacensis scriptum est causa, quamvis non bene. BALUZ.

Ad hujusmodi casus ("for emergencies of this kind"). In the old codex is read ad hujusmodi causa Licinio conlocati. Our emendation is good. And often in ancient codices causa is found written for casus; as in St Ambrose, letter 43: "In nature there is chance (casus), in choice judgement"; for which in the very old manuscript codex of the Church of Beauvais causa is written, though not well. BALUZE.

[3] ‹anchor: Illicere› · note in col 263 Illicere. In ms. illicire.

Illicere. In the manuscript, illicire.

[4] ‹anchor: Nec tamen quidquam vis aut promissa valuerunt› · note in col 263 Nec tamen quidquam vis aut promissa valuerunt. Ita ms.

"Yet neither force nor promises availed anything." So the manuscript.

[5] ‹anchor: Imperatorem› · note in col 263 Imperatorem. Scilicet Licinium.

Imperatorem. Licinius, that is.

[6] ‹anchor: Paucitate diffisi› · note in col 263 Paucitate diffisi. Gal. malebat, Paucitate defecti. Nihil mutandum. Sic Tacitus lib. II Hist., cap. 23: Diffisus paucitate cohortium; uti Jac. Gronovius ex ms. Oxon. restituit. Contrario modo Livius, lib. VI, cap. 23: fidentes militum numero. Lactantiana vero phrasis, lib. VIII Institut., cap. 1: Dum... coelesti mercede diffidit. BUN.

"Distrusting their small numbers." Gale preferred Paucitate defecti. Nothing should be changed. So Tacitus, Histories book II, ch. 23: "distrusting the small number of his cohorts," as Jacob Gronovius restored from an Oxford manuscript. Conversely Livy, book VI, ch. 23: "trusting in the number of their soldiers." And a Lactantian phrase, Institutes book VIII (as printed), ch. 1: "While ... he distrusts the heavenly reward." BÜNEMANN.

[7] ‹anchor: Heracleam› · note in col 263 Heracleam. Ms. Heracliam. Scilicet Thraciae, quae est et Perinthus infra. Zozimus lib. I, cap. 62.

Heracleam. The manuscript: Heracliam. Of Thrace, that is, which is also Perinthus below. Zosimus, book I, ch. 62.

[8] ‹anchor: Accepta in deditione› · note in col 263 Accepta in deditione. Ita Ms. Legendum esset in deditionem. Sed ut jam supra adnotavi, sic loquitur Lactantius.

"Taken in surrender." So the manuscript. It ought to read in deditionem. But, as I have noted above already, Lactantius speaks so.

[9] ‹anchor: Perintho› · note in col 263 Perintho. Ms., Perentho.

Perintho. The manuscript: Perentho.

[10] ‹anchor: Licinio jam secundam mansionem tenente distantem millibus totidem› · note in col 263 Licinio jam secundam mansionem tenente distantem millibus totidem. Sic lego cum Vossio et Baluzio. In Manuscripto est, secunda mansione tenente destantum, mendose omnino.

"Licinius already holding the second stage, the same number of miles away." So I read with Vossius and Baluze. In the manuscript it is secunda mansione tenente destantum, entirely wrongly.

[11] ‹anchor: Qui collectis› · note in col 263 Qui collectis. Cum Vossio lego, Qui; scilicet Licinius, In ms. est, atque.

Qui collectis. With Vossius I read Qui: Licinius, that is. In the manuscript it is atque.

[12] ‹anchor: Quantis› · note in col 263 Quantis. Pro quot.

Quantis. For quot.

[13] ‹anchor: Quippe cum ille› · note in col 263 Quippe cum ille. Maximinus.

Quippe cum ille ("since he"). Maximinus.

[14] ‹anchor: Ipse vix› · note in col 263 Ipse vix. Licinius.

Ipse vix ("he himself scarcely"). Licinius.

[15] ‹anchor: Propinquantibus› · note in col 263 Propinquantibus. Verbum ex poetis, ut jam supra observavi ad initium capitis 24, estque apud Lactantium.

Propinquantibus. A word from the poets, as I observed above already at the beginning of ch. 24; and it is in Lactantius.

[16] ‹anchor: Si victoriam cepisset› · note in col 263, runs into col 264 Si victoriam cepisset. Id est, reportasset. Quid aliud enim victoriam capere esse possit, quam, ut vulgo Latini locuti sunt, reportare, adipisci, consequi? Sed quis interim, praeter nostrum, victoriam capere usurpavit? Nam nullum mihi uspiam exemplum observatum. Nihil usitatius eo loquendi modo apud Lactantium, in cujus scriptis, et praecipue lib. VII, frequenter legimus, capere virtutem, capere sapientiam, capere originem, capere fructus, capere notitiam, lib. de Ira Dei, cap. 7: capere morbos; lib. de Opific., cap. 4, capere mortem. Ibid.

"If he had taken the victory." That is, had won it. For what else could victoriam capere be than, as the Latins commonly said, to win, obtain, gain it? But who meanwhile, besides our author, has used victoriam capere? For I have observed no example of it anywhere. Nothing is more usual than this manner of speaking in Lactantius, in whose writings, and especially book VII, we frequently read "to take virtue," "to take wisdom," "to take origin," "to take fruits," "to take knowledge"; On the Anger of God, ch. 7: "to take diseases"; On the Workmanship of God, ch. 4, "to take death." Ibid.

[17] ‹anchor: Christianorum nomen extingueret› · note in col 264 Christianorum nomen extingueret. Lactantius Div. institut. lib. I, cap. 18: Magnam partem generis humani extinxit.

"That he would extinguish the name of Christians." Lactantius, Divine Institutes book I, ch. 18: "He extinguished a great part of the human race."

[18] ‹anchor: Quiescenti› · note in col 264 Quiescenti. Id est, dormienti. Confer elegantissimum Lactantii locum libri de Opificio Dei, cap. 18: Corpus enim vigilante sensu licet jaceat immobile, tamen non est quietum;... ne saluberrimam quietem corporis interrumpat.

Quiescenti ("to him resting"). That is, sleeping. Compare the most elegant place of Lactantius in On the Workmanship of God, ch. 18: "For the body, while the sense is awake, though it lie motionless, is yet not at rest; ... lest it break the most wholesome rest of the body."

[19] ‹anchor: Deum summum› · note in col 264 Deum summum. Hoc epitheto, cum de vero Deo agitur, vix quidquam frequentius in indubitatis Lactantii lucubrationibus; et in hoc opere cap. 1, cap. 6 [?] et alibi. Quin haec etiam inter alia Lactantium istius quoque libelli parentem esse suadeant, dubitari non potest. BAULDRI.

Deum summum ("God most high"). When the true God is spoken of, hardly anything is more frequent than this epithet in Lactantius's undoubted works; and in this work, ch. 1, ch. 6 [?] and elsewhere. That these things too, among others, argue that Lactantius is the father of this little book also cannot be doubted. BAULDRI.

[20] ‹anchor: Si fecisset› · note in col 264 Si fecisset. Lege potius, id si fecisset, ait Heumannus.

Si fecisset. Read rather id si fecisset, says Heumann.

[21] ‹anchor: Notarium› · note in col 264 Notarium. Id est, unum a secretis.

Notarium. That is, a secretary.

[22] ‹anchor: Acciri› · note in col 264 Acciri. Ms. asciri.

Acciri. The manuscript: asciri.

[23] ‹anchor: Omnem› · note in col 264 Omnem. Heumann. putat scribendum esse nostram.

Omnem. Heumann thinks nostram should be written.

[24] ‹anchor: Libellis› · note in col 264 Libellis. Id est, chartis brevioribus; ita post Gisbertum Cuperum doctiss. Heumannus.

Libellis. That is, on shorter sheets; so the most learned Heumann, following Gisbert Cuper.

[25] ‹anchor: Praepositos› · note in col 264 Praepositos. Praepositi erant primarii, qui praeerant legionibus, ut patet ex quibusdam Gruteri inscriptionibus.

Praepositos. The praepositi were chief officers who commanded the legions, as is clear from certain of Gruter's inscriptions.

[26] ‹anchor: Universis› · note in col 264 Universis. Scilicet Licinii militibus.

Universis ("in all"). Licinius's soldiers, that is.

[27] ‹anchor: Statuit imperator praelium diei Kal. Maiarum› · note in col 264 Statuit imperator praelium diei Kal. Maiarum. Imperator, ut videtur, Licinius. Kalendis Maii factus fuerat Caesar Maximinus.

"The emperor fixed the battle for the day of the Kalends of May." The emperor, it seems, is Licinius. Maximinus had been made Caesar on the Kalends of May.

[28] ‹anchor: Diei› · note in col 264 Diei. Docti putant scribendum esse in diem; non male.

Diei. The learned think in diem should be written; not badly.

(printed under page 131)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. Signature "PATROL. VII." and sheet number "9." at the foot are not notes. --> [1] ‹anchor: Ejus› · note in col 265 Ejus. Scilicet Maximini. — Nuncupationis ejus. Quo Maximinus Caesar creatus fuerat. Natalis ergo est imperii, non vitae. Et id Licinius agebat, ut Maximinum ipsius natali vinceret, sicut natali suo victus fuerat Maxentius. CELL. — Mox Ms. prave, implebunt. BUN.

Ejus. Maximinus's, that is. — "Nuncupationis ejus ('of his proclamation'). On which Maximinus had been created Caesar. So it is the birthday of his reign, not of his life. And Licinius was working to defeat Maximinus on his own birthday, as Maxentius had been defeated on his." CELLARIUS. — "Shortly after, the manuscript wrongly has implebunt." BÜNEMANN.

[2] ‹anchor: Implebant› · note in col 265 Implebant. Ms., Implebunt.

Implebant. The manuscript: Implebunt.

[3] ‹anchor: Ut suo potissimum natali vinceretur› · note in col 265 Ut suo potissimum natali vinceretur. Videlicet Maximinus.

"That he should be defeated on his own birthday above all." Maximinus, namely.

[4] ‹anchor: Sicut ille victus est Romae› · note in col 265 Sicut ille victus est Romae. Ille, scilicet Maxentius.

"As that man was defeated at Rome." Ille: Maxentius, that is.

[5] ‹anchor: Nuntiatur in castra movisse› · note in col 265 Nuntiatur in castra movisse. Scilicet Licinii. Sic apud Ciceronem, orat. pro Milone, nunciatum esse in hortos, et lib. de Claris orat.: in Tusculanum mihi nunciabantur gladiatorii sibili.

"It is reported in the camp that he had moved." Licinius's camp, that is. So in Cicero, speech For Milo, "it was reported into the gardens," and in Brutus (On Famous Orators): "the hissings at the gladiators were reported to me in my Tusculan villa."

[6] ‹anchor: Sterilis› · note in col 265 Sterilis. Ms., sterelis, mendose.

Sterilis. The manuscript: sterelis, wrongly.

[7] ‹anchor: Serenum› · note in col 265 Serenum. Circa Resiston, Thraciae locum inter Hadrianopolim et Heracleam, contra Zosimum, qui pugnam hanc in Illyriis pugnatam refert. Ex BALUZIO. — Quem vocant serenum. Plerique littera majuscula aut diversis typis, quasi esset nomen proprium Serenum: sed omnis campus ab arboribus nudus dicebatur serenus, lucidus. Sic Lact., lib. VI Inst., cap. 3: Habere planum iter, Lucidum amoenumque campum. BUN.

Serenum. Near Resistos, a place in Thrace between Hadrianople and Heraclea; against Zosimus, who relates that this battle was fought in Illyricum. From BALUZE. — "Quem vocant serenum ('which they call clear'). Most print it with a capital letter or in different type, as though Serenum were a proper name: but every plain bare of trees was called serenus, lucidus. So Lactantius, Institutes book VI, ch. 3: 'to have a level road, a clear and pleasant plain.'" BÜNEMANN.

[8] ‹anchor: Utraque acies› · note in col 265 Utraque acies. Ms. utroque.

Utraque acies. The manuscript: utroque.

[9] ‹anchor: Galeas resolvunt› · note in col 265 Galeas resolvunt. Id est, resolvunt nexus ligaminum quibus galeae capiti aptabantur, et constringebantur ne exciderent. Itaque milites, nonnisi depositis galeis, nudoque proinde capite, quam edocti fuerant dixerunt precem, vel juxta praeceptum angeli qui dictaverat precem, vel juxta illud Apostoli I ad Corinthios, cap. II, cap. IV et VII: Omnis vir orans velato capite dedecorat caput suum.... vir enim non debet velare caput.

Galeas resolvunt ("they unfasten their helmets"). That is, they undo the knots of the straps by which the helmets were fitted to the head and bound tight so that they should not fall off. So the soldiers said the prayer they had been taught only with their helmets laid aside and the head therefore bare, either according to the instruction of the angel who had dictated the prayer, or according to that saying of the Apostle, 1 Corinthians ch. II, ch. IV and VII (as printed): "Every man praying with his head covered dishonours his head .... for a man ought not to cover his head."

[10] ‹anchor: Et post Imperatorem precem dicunt› · note in col 265 Et post Imperatorem precem dicunt. Sic lego. In Ms. est p imperatore prc dicunt. Prima littera p scripta est cum lineola subter transversa, quam existimo significare post; deinde imperatore cum lineola transversa super e finalem; et tandem duae lineolae super p et c, ita ut sit precem. Sic et lib I Divin. Institut.: Cum precem... expromeret. Attamen Cellarius scribendum putat pro imperatore, sed minus recte.

"And after the Emperor they say the prayer." So I read. In the manuscript it is p imperatore prc dicunt. The first letter p is written with a little stroke across beneath, which I judge to mean post; then imperatore with a little stroke across over the final e; and lastly two little strokes over p and c, so that it is precem. So also Divine Institutes book I: "when he poured forth a prayer ..." Yet Cellarius thinks pro imperatore should be written, but less rightly.

[11] ‹anchor: Virtute› · note in col 265 Virtute. Id est, fortitudine bellica; sicut et infra.

Virtute. That is, warlike courage; as also below.

[12] ‹anchor: Scuta tollunt› · note in col 265 Scuta tollunt. Id est, attollunt.

Scuta tollunt ("they raise their shields"). That is, attollunt.

[13] ‹anchor: Ferri› · note in col 265, runs into col 266 Ferri. In ms. ferre, parum latina locutio. — Ferri non potuit. Heumannus corrigit, perpelli non potuit. Dixit quidem cum Cicerone noster l. V Inst., c. 16: Ad utilitates suas...ferri; sed hoc minus hic convenit. Mallem propius litteris mss., flecti non potuit ad pacem. BUN.

Ferri. In the manuscript ferre, hardly a Latin expression. — "Ferri non potuit ('he could not be brought'). Heumann corrects to perpelli non potuit. Our author did say, with Cicero, Institutes book V, ch. 16: 'to be carried towards their own advantages'; but this suits less here. I would prefer, closer to the letters of the manuscripts, 'he could not be bent to peace.'" BÜNEMANN.

[14] ‹anchor: Tenax› · note in col 266 Tenax. Avarum fuisse Licinium multis exemplis probat Eusebius, l. I de Vita Constantini, c. 55. Fragmentum de Constantio Chloro, p. 474: Licinius scelere, avaritia, crudelitate, libidine saeviebat. BALUZ.

Tenax ("tight-fisted"). Eusebius proves by many examples that Licinius was greedy, Life of Constantine book I, ch. 55. The Fragment on Constantius Chlorus, p. 474: "Licinius raged with crime, avarice, cruelty, lust." BALUZE.

[15] ‹anchor: Exercitu› · note in col 266 Exercitu. In ms., exercitum.

Exercitu. In the manuscript, exercitum.

[16] ‹anchor: Quiverunt› · note in col 266 Quiverunt. Istud verbum amat Lactantius, et in multis ejus operum locis memini me legere, ut supra, c. 18, post initium quiret; l. II Div. Institut., c. 5, intelligere quiverunt; lib. V, c. 10, post medium, iram frenare nequiverit; c. 22, si id efficere non quiverint; l. VI, c. 2, non queat contueri. Sic l. VII, c. 7, et de Opific., c. 4. At in ms., quieverunt, vitiose.

Quiverunt ("they were able"). Lactantius loves this verb, and I remember reading it in many places of his works: as above, ch. 18, after the beginning, quiret; Divine Institutes book II, ch. 5, "they were able to understand"; book V, ch. 10, after the middle, "could not curb his anger"; ch. 22, "if they were not able to effect it"; book VI, ch. 2, "is not able to behold." So book VII, ch. 7, and On the Workmanship of God, ch. 4. But in the manuscript, quieverunt, faultily.

[17] ‹anchor: Metebatur› · note in col 266 Metebatur. Ms., metuebatur. Sed legendum est, metebatur. Sic Silius Italicus, lib. IV, v. 464: Metit agmina tectus / Coelesti clypeo et sternit, etc. Sic Lactantius ipse, lib. VII, c. 15: Tunc peragrabit clades orbem, metens omnia. CELLAR. — Metebatur. Sic recte correctum pro ms. vitioso, metuebatur. Metere hoc sensu illustravi ad l. VII Inst., c. 15. BUN.

Metebatur ("was mown down"). The manuscript: metuebatur. But metebatur should be read. So Silius Italicus, book IV, v. 464: "Shielded by the heavenly shield, he mows down the columns and lays them low," etc. So Lactantius himself, book VII, ch. 15: "Then disaster will range through the world, mowing down all things." CELLARIUS. — "Metebatur. So rightly corrected for the manuscript's faulty metuebatur. I have illustrated metere in this sense at Institutes book VII, ch. 15." BÜNEMANN.

[18] ‹anchor: Ad devotam mortem› · note in col 266 Ad devotam mortem. Devota mors hic loci est mors destinata, quomodo apud Virgilium, Aeneid. I, 716... Gallice, à une mort volontaire. MAUCROIX. — Hoc est ad mortem voluntariam, sensu feliciter declarato. BAULDRI.

Ad devotam mortem ("to a vowed death"). A devota mors in this place is a death destined, as in Virgil, Aeneid I, 716 ...; in French, "to a voluntary death." MAUCROIX. — That is, to a voluntary death, the sense being happily set out. BAULDRI.

[19] ‹anchor: Deus summus subjecit› · note in col 266 Deus summus subjecit. Martyrium S. Basilei, episcopi Amaseae: Licinius igitur omnipotente Domini nostri Jesu Christi manu adjutus victoriam de Maximino reportavit. BALUZ.

"God most high subdued [them]." The Martyrdom of St Basileus, bishop of Amasea: "Licinius therefore, helped by the almighty hand of our Lord Jesus Christ, won the victory over Maximinus." BALUZE.

[20] ‹anchor: Putabat› · note in col 266 Putabat. Lege putarat, ex HEUMAN.

Putabat. Read putarat, after HEUMANN.

[21] ‹anchor: Sumpta veste servili› · note in col 266 Sumpta veste servili. Confirmat hanc narrationem Eusebius, l. IX Hist. eccl., c. 10, et l. I de Vita Constantini, c. 58. BALUZ.

"Having put on a slave's clothing." Eusebius confirms this account, Church History book IX, ch. 10, and Life of Constantine book I, ch. 58. BALUZE.

[22] ‹anchor: Fretum trajecit› · note in col 266 Fretum trajecit. Id est, Bosphorum Thracium, atque ex Europa in Asiam navigavit.

Fretum trajecit ("he crossed the strait"). That is, the Thracian Bosporus; and he sailed from Europe into Asia.

[23] ‹anchor: At in exercitu› · note in col 266 At in exercitu. Cum Tollio lego at pro ac, quod est in ms. et mox praecessit. Almelov. legebat, ac ita exercitus pars dimidia prostrata est.

At in exercitu ("but in the army"). With Tollius I read at for ac, which is in the manuscript and has just preceded. Almeloveen read ac ita exercitus pars dimidia prostrata est.

[24] ‹anchor: Pars autem› · note in col 266 Pars autem. Adde altera. — Pars autem. Heuman. pars altera corrigit; ego nihil muto: sed subaudio ex prioribus, pars autem dimidia. BUN.

Pars autem ("but part"). Add altera. — "Pars autem. Heumann corrects to pars altera; I change nothing, but understand from the preceding, pars autem dimidia." BÜNEMANN.

[25] ‹anchor: Una die› · note in col 266 Una die. Post haec verba deesse videtur juxta doctos nomen mansionis, quam petierat hac die, cum altera nocte Nicomediam petierit. Forte deest Melantiada. — Una nocte atque una die... Nicomediam. Deesse videtur nomen mansionis, unde altera nocte Nicomediam pervenerit. Columbo videtur fugiens, aut simile desiderari. CELL.

Una die ("in one day"). After these words, according to the learned, the name of the stage he had made for on this day seems to be missing, since he made for Nicomedia the next night. Perhaps Melantiada is missing. — "Una nocte atque una die ... Nicomediam. The name of the stage from which he reached Nicomedia the next night seems to be missing. To Columbus it seems that fugiens ('fleeing') or something like it is wanting." CELLARIUS.

(printed under page 132)

<!-- VARIORUM NOTAE: notes keyed by lemma, no call marks printed; numbered [1], [2] … in print order. Right edge of col 268 slightly cropped; letters at the cut supplied. --> [1] ‹anchor: Locus praelii› · note in col 267 Locus praelii. Forte prope Heracleam ad 14 millia passuum versus Occidentem.

Locus praelii ("the place of the battle"). Perhaps near Heraclea, about 14 miles towards the West.

[2] ‹anchor: Petivit Orientem› · note in col 267 Petivit Orientem. Zozimus: Per Orientem in Aegyptum discedens, spe cogendarum copiarum, quantae gerendo bello sufficerent. BALUZ.

Petivit Orientem ("he made for the East"). Zosimus: "Going off through the East into Egypt, in hope of gathering forces enough to wage the war." BALUZE.

[3] ‹anchor: In Cappadocia› · note in col 267 In Cappadocia. In ms., ex Cappadocia.

In Cappadocia. In the manuscript, ex Cappadocia.

[4] ‹anchor: Vestem resumpsit› · note in col 267 Vestem resumpsit. Nimirum purpuram, signum imperatoriae majestatis.

Vestem resumpsit ("he put on the robe again"). The purple, of course, the sign of imperial majesty.

[5] ‹anchor: Distributa› · note in col 267 Distributa. In suas legiones, ut inde supplementum esset legionibus.

Distributa ("distributed"). Into his legions, so that the legions might be made up from it.

[6] ‹anchor: Trajecit› · note in col 267 Trajecit. Per Bosphorum Thracium.

Trajecit ("he crossed"). By the Thracian Bosporus.

[7] ‹anchor: Pugnam› · note in col 267 Pugnam. In ms., pugna; male.

Pugnam. In the manuscript, pugna; badly.

[8] ‹anchor: Gratiam Deo... retulit› · note in col 267 Gratiam Deo... retulit. Alius tum Licinius fuit ab eo, qui postea factus est: laudatus etiam ab Eusebio, l. IX, c. 9. BUN.

"He gave thanks to God." Licinius was then another man from the one he afterwards became: praised even by Eusebius, book IX, ch. 9. BÜNEMANN.

[9] ‹anchor: Die Iduum Juniarum› · note in col 267 Die Iduum Juniarum. Ista non sunt intelligenda de die quo datum est edictum, sed de die quo Licinii jussu propositum est Nicomediae. BALUZ.

"On the day of the Ides of June." This is not to be understood of the day on which the edict was issued, but of the day on which it was posted at Nicomedia by Licinius's order. BALUZE.

[10] ‹anchor: Constantino atque ipso ter consulibus› · note in col 267 Constantino atque ipso ter consulibus. Id est, anno Christi 313.

"Constantine and he himself consuls for the third time." That is, in the year of Christ 313.

[11] ‹anchor: De restituenda Ecclesia› · note in col 267 De restituenda Ecclesia. Nicomediensi scilicet, caeterisque, quae ante decennium per totam Bithyniam, cujus Nicomedia princeps erat civitas, fuerant eversae. Nam Nicomediensis quidem prima omnium eversa fuerat, et solo adaequata, ut ex capite 12 certum est.

"On restoring the Church." That of Nicomedia, namely, and the others which ten years before had been overthrown throughout all Bithynia, of which Nicomedia was the chief city. For the church of Nicomedia had been overthrown first of all and levelled with the ground, as is certain from ch. 12.

[12] ‹anchor: Litteras› · note in col 267 Litteras. Eas descripsit Eusebius, l. X, c. 5, sed e romana lingua in graecum sermonem translatas, ut ipse ait. Quod ergo eas nunc habemus latine, uti editae primo sunt, unius Lactantii diligentiae debemus. Sed iste omisit praefationem, quam Eusebius habet. BALUZ. — Litteras. Id est, ex utriusque interpretis versione, edictum. Et Pagius quidem exerte in hoc ipso argumento, epistolam, inquit, et edictum hic non distinguo. Sed esse, accurate loquendo, nonnihil discriminis inter edicta et litteras imperatorum ad praesides datas, jam ante, ni fallor, ostendit Paulus Bauldri nota ultima ad has litteras infra.

Litteras ("the letter"). Eusebius copied it out, book X, ch. 5, but translated from the Roman tongue into Greek, as he himself says. That we now have it in Latin, as it was first issued, we owe to the diligence of Lactantius alone. But he left out the preface, which Eusebius has. BALUZE. — Litteras. That is, according to the version of both translators, the edict. And Pagi says expressly on this very subject: "I do not distinguish here between letter and edict." But that, speaking precisely, there is some difference between edicts and letters of the emperors addressed to governors, Paul Bauldri has already shown, if I am not mistaken, in the last note on this letter, below.

[13] ‹anchor: Proponi› · note in col 267 Proponi. Vopiscus, in Firmo, c. 5, edictum proponi jussit. Frequens verbum proponere hoc modo. BUN.

Proponi ("to be posted"). Vopiscus, Firmus, ch. 5: "he ordered an edict to be posted." The verb proponere is frequent in this way. BÜNEMANN.

[14] ‹anchor: Tam ego Constantinus› · note in col 267 Tam ego Constantinus. Ms., tam ego quam Constantinus; male. Vid. seq.

Tam ego Constantinus. The manuscript: tam ego quam Constantinus; badly. See the next note.

[15] ‹anchor: Quam etiam› · note in col 267 Quam etiam. Alia exempla particularum tam... quam etiam dedi ad Lact. l. V Inst., c. 20, tam contemptum... quam etiam injurias. BUN.

Quam etiam. Other examples of the particles tam ... quam etiam I have given on Lactantius, Institutes book V, ch. 20: "both contempt ... and also injuries." BÜNEMANN.

[16] ‹anchor: Credidimus› · note in col 267 Credidimus. Ms., credimus.

Credidimus. The manuscript: credimus.

[17] ‹anchor: Divinitatis› · note in col 267 Divinitatis. Ms., divinitas.

Divinitatis. The manuscript: divinitas.

[18] ‹anchor: Continebatur› · note in col 267 Continebatur. Heumann., continetur.

Continebatur. Heumann: continetur.

[19] ‹anchor: Sequendi› · note in col 267 Sequendi. In Ms., sequenti.

Sequendi. In the manuscript, sequenti.

[20] ‹anchor: Quo quidem divinitas, etc.› · note in col 268 Quo quidem divinitas, etc. Quidam legunt ut quidem divinitas; nonnulli quo, pro ut, sicut infra quo scires. Pronum fuit cum erudito Toinardo exscribere ex Eusebio, l. X, c. 5, et Nicephoro, l. VII, c. 41. Quo quidquid est divinitatis et rei coelestis, nobis et universis qui sub imperio nostro degunt constituti, propitium esse possit. Ego ut a manuscripto minus recedam, leviori mutatione lego cum doctissimo Graevio: Quo quidem divinitas in sede coelesti nobis, atque omnibus qui sub potestate nostra sunt constituti, placata et propitia possit existere. Almelov. et Sparkius legunt, quod quidem divinitas... placatum et propitium possit efficere.

"So that the divinity," etc. Some read ut quidem divinitas; some quo for ut, as below quo scires. It was easy, with the learned Toinard, to copy from Eusebius, book X, ch. 5, and Nicephorus, book VII, ch. 41: "so that whatever there is of divinity and heavenly power may be propitious to us and to all who live placed under our rule." I, to depart less from the manuscript, read by a lighter change with the most learned Graevius: "so that the divinity in its heavenly seat may be appeased and propitious to us and to all who are placed under our power." Almeloveen and Spark read quod quidem divinitas ... placatum et propitium possit efficere.

[21] ‹anchor: Consilio› · note in col 268 Consilio. Lege consilium, deleta virgula post salubri, ex Graeco Eusebii.

Consilio. Read consilium, deleting the comma after salubri, from Eusebius's Greek.

[22] ‹anchor: Dederat› · note in col 268 Dederat. Ita ms. Priscae editiones, dederet: lege potius dederit.

Dederat. So the manuscript. The early editions: dederet; read rather dederit.

[23] ‹anchor: Summa divinitas› · note in col 268 Summa divinitas. Nec aliter Lactantius Divin. Institut. lib. VII, cap. 26, in Epilogo ad Constantinum imp. ante finem: Te providentia summae divinitatis ad fastigium principale provexerit. Et lib. V, cap. 10: Offensa divinitas scelere hominum prave religiosorum, gravi eos infortunio mactat. Et supra, divinitatis reverentia. Nota divinitatem, pro Deo a Lactantio usurpari. — Summa divinitas. Non Jupiter, ut quidam putant. sed Deus summus indicatur. Conf. Nurr., p. 371. Saepe ita Lactantius, lib. IV, cap. 3: Divinitas, quae gubernat hunc mundum; lib. V, cap. 10: Offensa divinitas, etc. BUN.

Summa divinitas ("the supreme divinity"). Not otherwise Lactantius, Divine Institutes book VII, ch. 26, in the Epilogue to the emperor Constantine, before the end: "that the providence of the supreme divinity has raised you to the princely height." And book V, ch. 10: "The divinity, offended by the crime of wrongly religious men, strikes them with heavy misfortune." And above, "reverence for the divinity." Note that divinitas is used by Lactantius for God. — "Summa divinitas. Not Jupiter, as some think, but God most high is meant. Compare Le Nourry, p. 371. Lactantius often speaks so: book IV, ch. 3: 'the divinity which governs this world'; book V, ch. 10: 'the offended divinity,' etc." BÜNEMANN.

[24] ‹anchor: Solitum favorem› · note in col 268 Solitum favorem. Ms. solita fervorem.

Solitum favorem. The manuscript: solita fervorem.

[25] ‹anchor: Dicationem› · note in col 268 Dicationem. Id est, dignationem. Vide, si lubet, Cangii Glossarium lat. Apud Eusebium est, Devotionem. — Dicationem. Sic, pro aliorum dignationem, ex ms. restituendum. Dicatio, inquit Nurrius, est titulus honoris, qui praesulibus et proconsulibus dabatur. BUN.

Dicationem. That is, dignationem. See, if you please, Du Cange's Latin Glossary. In Eusebius it is Devotionem. — "Dicationem. So, instead of the others' dignationem, it is to be restored from the manuscript. Dicatio, says Le Nourry, is a title of honour which was given to governors and proconsuls." BÜNEMANN.

[26] ‹anchor: Scriptis ad officium tuum datis› · note in col 268 Scriptis ad officium tuum datis. Pro ad officium tuum, apud eumdem Eusebium legitur, ad devotionem tuam.

"In writings issued to your office." For ad officium tuum, in the same Eusebius one reads ad devotionem tuam.

[27] ‹anchor: Super christianorum nomine videbantur, nunc vere ac simpliciter unusquisque› · note in col 268 Super christianorum nomine videbantur, nunc vere ac simpliciter unusquisque. Supplenda et corrigenda ex Eusebii Graecis, lib. X, cap. 5: Super christianorum nomine continebantur, et quae prorsus laevae, et a nostra clementia alienae esse videbantur, eae tollantur; et nunc libere ac simpliciter unusquisque. Vide ad haec observationem erud. Pauli Bauldri ex edit. Ultrajectina, infra. Pro nunc vere apud Eusebium est libere; in ms. nunc cavere.

"Seemed [to be issued] concerning the name of the Christians, now truly and simply each one." To be supplied and corrected from Eusebius's Greek, book X, ch. 5: "were contained concerning the name of the Christians, and which seemed wholly perverse and foreign to our clemency, let them be removed; and now freely and simply each one." See on this the observation of the learned Paul Bauldri, from the Utrecht edition, below.

For nunc vere, in Eusebius it is libere; in the manuscript nunc cavere. [28] ‹anchor: Ullam inquietudinem› · note in col 268 Ullam inquietudinem. Ms. illam.

Ullam inquietudinem. The manuscript: illam.

(printed under page 133)

Note: the VARIORUM NOTAE on this page carry no call marks; each note is keyed by its lemma (the words it comments on). They are set in print order, left column then right, and numbered here [1], [2] … for reference only. The lemmas cover text on earlier pages as well as this one, so no column is given for a call. [1] ‹anchor: Plenissime› · no call (lemma note) Plenissime. In ms. plenissima.

"Most fully": in the manuscript, plenissima.

[2] ‹anchor: Hisdem› · no call (lemma note) Hisdem. In ms. isdem.

"To the same": in the manuscript, isdem.

[3] ‹anchor: Dicatio tua› · no call (lemma note) Dicatio tua. Apud Eusebium, devotio tua.

"Your dedication": in Eusebius, "your devotion".

[4] ‹anchor: Ut in colendo quod quisque delegerit› · no call (lemma note) Ut in colendo quod quisque delegerit. Sic lego cum doctissimo Graevio, levi facta mutatione. Ms. habet, ut in colenda quod quisque diligeret, habeat liberam facultatem, qui.

"That in worshipping what each has chosen": so I read with the most learned Graevius, by a slight change. The manuscript has ut in colenda quod quisque diligeret, habeat liberam facultatem, qui.

[5] ‹anchor: Quia nolumus detrahi› · no call (lemma note) Quia nolumus detrahi. In ms. est qui, cujus vice posui quia, et duo verba quae desunt, ex Eusebio supplevi per nolumus detrahi.

"Because we do not wish to be taken away": the manuscript has qui, in place of which I have put quia; and I have supplied the two missing words from Eusebius with nolumus detrahi.

[6] ‹anchor: In persona› · no call (lemma note) In persona. Heumann. ex Eusebio legit in personam.

"In the person": Heumann, from Eusebius, reads in personam.

[7] ‹anchor: Eadem› · no call (lemma note) Eadem. Eorum, juxta Heumannum.

"The same": eorum ("of them"), according to Heumann.

[8] ‹anchor: Ad quae antea› · no call (lemma note) Ad quae antea. In ms. ad quae q. antea.

"To which before": in the manuscript, ad quae q. antea.

[9] ‹anchor: Consueverant› · no call (lemma note) Consueverant. Tollius legit, consueverunt.

"They had been accustomed": Tollius reads consueverunt.

[10] ‹anchor: Aliqui› · no call (lemma note) Aliqui. Ita restitui ex ms. Apud Eusebium est, si qui aut a fisco nostro. Omnes editi ferunt aliquid.

"Any persons": so I have restored it from the manuscript. Eusebius has "if any either from our treasury". All the printed editions give aliquid.

[11] ‹anchor: Restituantur› · no call (lemma note) Restituantur. Sic ms. Prisci editi habent restituant.

"Let them be restored": so the manuscript. The early editions have restituant.

[12] ‹anchor: Fuerunt› · no call (lemma note) Fuerunt. Lege fuerint, ex Graeco Eusebii.

"Were": read fuerint, from the Greek of Eusebius.

[13] ‹anchor: Dono fuerunt› · no call (lemma note) Dono fuerunt. Ita ms. donaverunt.

"Received as a gift": so the manuscript, donaverunt.

[14] ‹anchor: Si petiverint› · no call (lemma note) Si petiverint. Ita scripsisse Lactantium ex Eusebio pro certo habeo, non putiverint, quod est in manuscripto corrupte, ac nullum sensum praestat. Et mox idem Eusebius, προσέλθωσι τῷ ἐπὶ τόπων Ἐπάρχῳ δικάζοντι, adeant locorum Praefectum qui jus dicit. Itaque hic legendum profecto Vicarium per V majusculum. In editis est putaverint, corrupte.

"If they ask": I hold it certain from Eusebius that Lactantius wrote this, not putiverint, which stands corruptly in the manuscript and yields no sense. And just after, the same Eusebius has προσέλθωσι τῷ ἐπὶ τόπων Ἐπάρχῳ δικάζοντι, "let them go to the Prefect of the district who administers justice". So here one must certainly read Vicarium with a capital V. The printed editions have putaverint, corruptly.

[15] ‹anchor: Vicarium postulent› · no call (lemma note) Vicarium postulent. Id est, ad Vicarium nostrum eant, ex Graeco Eusebii. Alii putant legendum esse, si petiverint de nostra benevolentia aliquid vicarium, postulent, quo et ipsis, etc. Vicarium, id est, rem ejusdem pretii. — Vicarium postulent. Diazius atque Tollius aliquid vicarium, rem vicariam intelligunt, pro restitutione; et iste etiam optaverint, pro putaverint. At Cuperus et Baluzius Vicarium provinciae interpretantur, notum ex imperii notitia magistratum. Cell.

"Let them apply to the Vicar": that is, let them go to our Vicar, from the Greek of Eusebius. Others think it should read "if they ask of our benevolence something in exchange (vicarium), let them request it, so that for them too," etc.; vicarium, that is, a thing of the same value. — "Let them apply to the Vicar": Diaz and Tollius understand aliquid vicarium as a thing given in exchange, by way of restitution; and Tollius also reads optaverint for putaverint. But Cuper and Baluze interpret it as the Vicar of the province, a magistrate known from the Notitia of the empire. Cellarius.

[16] ‹anchor: Quo› · no call (lemma note) Quo. In ms., co.

"Whereby": in the manuscript, co.

[17] ‹anchor: Corpori› · no call (lemma note) Corpori. Id est, societati.

"To the body": that is, to the society.

[18] ‹anchor: Iidem› · no call (lemma note) Iidem. Ms., idem.

"The same": manuscript, idem.

[19] ‹anchor: Non ea loca› · no call (lemma note) Non ea loca. Ms., Non in ea loca.

"Not those places": manuscript, Non in ea loca.

[20] ‹anchor: Consueverunt› · no call (lemma note) Consueverunt. Ms., consuerunt; sicut n° 7, consuerant. Heumann.

"They were accustomed": manuscript, consuerunt; as in no. 7, consuerant. Heumann.

[21] ‹anchor: Qua superius, comprehendimus› · no call (lemma note) Qua superius, comprehendimus. Vel juxta Graecum Eusebii, sicut superius comprehensum est. Heumann.

"As we set out above": or, following the Greek of Eusebius, "as was set out above". Heumann.

[22] ‹anchor: Hisdem› · no call (lemma note) Hisdem. Ms., idem.

"To the same": manuscript, idem.

[23] ‹anchor: Restituerint› · no call (lemma note) Restituerint. Ms., restituant.

"They shall have restored": manuscript, restituant.

[24] ‹anchor: In tantis.... rebus› · no call (lemma note) In tantis.... rebus. Id est, in tam multis. Euseb. ἐν πολλοῖς. Bun.

"In such great … matters": that is, in so many. Eusebius has ἐν πολλοῖς ("in many"). Bünemann.

[25] ‹anchor: Perlata› · no call (lemma note) Perlata. In Ms., P'lata, quod est perlata, non prolata, ut in editis; pro enim in hoc ms. exprimitur per p, cum lineola transversa ad partem inferiorem litterae.

"Conveyed": in the manuscript, P'lata, that is perlata, not prolata as in the printed editions; for in this manuscript pro is written as p with a small stroke across the lower part of the letter.

[26] ‹anchor: Ad.... scientiam perferre› · no call (lemma note) Ad.... scientiam perferre. Plin., lib. x, ep. 15: Haec in notitiam tuam perferre non existimavi. Cyprianus, lib. i, ep. 3: In notitiam tuam perferenda. Bun.

"To bring … to the knowledge": Pliny, book 10, letter 15: "I did not think I should bring these things to your notice." Cyprian, book 1, letter 3: "to be brought to your notice". Bünemann.

[27] ‹anchor: Hortatus est› · no call (lemma note) Hortatus est. Licinius. Est deest in ms.

"He urged": Licinius. Est is missing in the manuscript.

[28] ‹anchor: In› · no call (lemma note) In. Deest in ms.

"Into": missing in the manuscript.

[29] ‹anchor: Anni decem› · no call (lemma note) Anni decem, etc. Id est, a Kalendis, seu die i Martii anni 303, ad diem 13 mensis Junii 313. Sunt proinde anni decem, menses tres et dies tredecim.

"Ten years," etc.: that is, from the Kalends, or 1 March of the year 303, to 13 June 313. That makes ten years, three months and thirteen days.

[30] ‹anchor: Sequenti, etc. ... perrumpentibus› · no call (lemma note) Sequenti, etc. ... perrumpentibus. Quatuor has lineas sic legit Heumannus: Sequente autem Licinio cum exercitu, Tyrannus Maximinus profugus recessit, et rursus Tauri montis angustias petiit, munimentis ibidem ac turribus fabricatis iter obstruere conatus est. Sed undique versum perrumpentibus omnia victoribus, etc. Igitur ex vocabulis inde dextrorsum facit Heumannus undique versum, qua locutione usus est Lactantius supra, num. 34, ad finem.

"Following," etc. … "breaking through": Heumann reads these four lines thus: "But as Licinius followed with his army, the tyrant Maximin withdrew in flight and again made for the narrows of Mount Taurus, and, building defences and towers there, tried to block the way. But as the victors broke through everything on every side," etc. So from the words inde dextrorsum Heumann makes undique versum, an expression Lactantius used above, no. 34, at the end.

[31] ‹anchor: Tyrannum› · no call (lemma note) Tyrannum. Maximinum.

"The tyrant": Maximin.

[32] ‹anchor: Concessit› · no call (lemma note) Concessit. Id est, loco cessit, vel abeundo locum illi dedit.

"Withdrew": that is, he gave ground, or by departing gave place to him.

[33] ‹anchor: Petiit› · no call (lemma note) Petiit. Ita recte. Ms., petit, male.

"Made for": so rightly. Manuscript, petit, wrongly.

[34] ‹anchor: Munimentis› · no call (lemma note) Munimentis. In ms., monumentis.

"Defences": in the manuscript, monumentis.

(printed under page 134)

Note: the VARIORUM NOTAE carry no call marks; each note is keyed by its lemma. They are set in print order, left column then right, and numbered [1], [2] … for reference only. No column is given for a call. [1] ‹anchor: Iter obstruere› · no call (lemma note) Iter obstruere. Licinio nimirum.

"To block the way": to Licinius, that is.

[2] ‹anchor: Dextrorsum› · no call (lemma note) Dextrorsum. Ms., detrorsum.

"To the right": manuscript, detrorsum.

[3] ‹anchor: Ibi› · no call (lemma note) Ibi. In ms., Hibi, mendose.

"There": in the manuscript, Hibi, wrongly.

[4] ‹anchor: Peteretur› · no call (lemma note) Peteretur. Haud secus Lactantium scripsisse credo cum doctissimo Graevio; neque prolixius verbum patitur vacuum ms. codicis spatium, quod vix est 5 aut 6 litterarum post primam litteram p, nec sine compendio, ita ut scriptum fuerit, petetur, loco peteretur.

"Was being sought": with the most learned Graevius, I believe Lactantius wrote exactly this. The blank space in the manuscript does not allow a longer word: it holds hardly 5 or 6 letters after the first letter p, and not without an abbreviation, so that petetur was written in place of peteretur.

[5] ‹anchor: Prius cibo se infersit› · no call (lemma note) Prius cibo se infersit, ac vino ingurgitavit, ut solent hi, etc. Exempla sunt apud Florum, l. ii, c. 18 et 4, 2 et 12. Ad hunc locum mirum in modum facit alter Lactantii de Vita Beata lib. vii ult.: Quanto quisque annis in senectutem vergentibus appropinquare cernit illum diem, quo sit ei ex hac vita demigrandum, cogitet quam purus abscedat, quam innocens ad judicem veniat; non ut faciunt quidam caecis mentibus nixi, qui jam deficientibus corporis viribus, in hoc admonentur ultimae necessitatis, ut cupidius, ut ardentius hauriendis libidinibus intendant.

"First he stuffed himself with food and gorged on wine, as such men do," etc. There are examples in Florus, book 2, ch. 18 and 4, 2 and 12. Another passage of Lactantius, On the Happy Life, the last chapter of book 7, bears wonderfully on this place: "The nearer each man sees that day approach, as his years incline to old age, on which he must depart from this life, the more let him consider how pure he may go out, how innocent he may come before the judge; not as some do who lean on blind minds, who, when the strength of the body is already failing, are reminded by this of the final necessity only to bend themselves more greedily, more ardently, to drinking in their pleasures."

[6] ‹anchor: Et sic› · no call (lemma note) Et sic. Id est, et deinde.

"And so": that is, and then.

[7] ‹anchor: Hausit venenum› · no call (lemma note) Hausit venenum. Non itaque periit morte simplici, ut tradit Epitome Victoris.

"He drank poison": so he did not die a simple death, as Victor's Epitome reports.

[8] ‹anchor: Repercussa› · no call (lemma note) Repercussa. In ms. repercussus, mendose.

"Struck back": in the manuscript, repercussus, wrongly.

[9] ‹anchor: In praesens› · no call (lemma note) In praesens. Id est, tempore tunc praesenti.

"For the present": that is, at the time then present.

[10] ‹anchor: Versa› · no call (lemma note) Versa. In ms. verso.

"Turned": in the manuscript, verso.

[11] ‹anchor: Cujus vi, cum praecordia ejus furerent› · no call (lemma note) Cujus vi, cum praecordia ejus furerent. Furerent, in ms. furens: sed error, ut puto, Amanuensis, pro furerent. Editi vero habent, cujus vis cum praecordia ejus ureret: forte etiam satis bene. Nihil quantum possumus mutamus, et quod fieri potest per parvam mutationem, id potissimum eligimus, dummodo sensum optimum eliciamus. Furerent vi morbi, recte dici potest, id est, vi morbi adurerentur.

"By whose force, when his vitals raged": furerent; in the manuscript furens, but this is, I think, the copyist's error for furerent. The printed editions have "when its force burned his vitals", perhaps quite well too. We change nothing so far as we can, and where something can be done by a small change, that is what we prefer, provided we draw out the best sense. "They raged by the force of the disease" can rightly be said, that is, they were scorched by the force of the disease.

[12] ‹anchor: Insustentabili› · no call (lemma note) Insustentabili. Viri docti ignorare se fatentur, quis ita olim ante hunc auctorem nostrum fuerit locutus. Lactantius ipse est, qui Divin. Institut. lib. vii, cap. 16, ait: insustentabilli dominatione vexabit orbem. Porro insustentabilis est intolerabilis. Quis non sibi persuadeat Lactantium istius quoque libelli esse parentem? — Insustentabili dolore. Offendo quoque in Vulg. Versione, Orat. Manass. Libro II. Paralipp. cap. xxxvi. Adjunctae: Quia importabilis est magnificentia gloriae tuae, et insustentabilis ira comminationis tuae. Bun.

"Unbearable": learned men confess they do not know who spoke so in former times before our author. It is Lactantius himself who says, Divine Institutes book 7, ch. 16: "he will harass the world with unbearable tyranny". Further, insustentabilis means intolerable. Who would not be persuaded that Lactantius is the father of this little book as well? — "With unbearable pain": I also meet it in the Vulgate version, in the Prayer of Manasseh appended to 2 Chronicles ch. 36: "For the majesty of your glory cannot be borne, and the wrath of your threatening is unbearable." Bünemann.

[13] ‹anchor: Insania percitus› · no call (lemma note) Insania percitus. Ita nos emendavimus, cum in codice veteri scriptum sit, insania percutis. Lactantius, lib. i Instit. cap. 9: Idem furore atque insania percitus, uxorem suam cum liberis interemit. Baluz.

"Driven by madness": so we have corrected it, since the old codex has insania percutis. Lactantius, Institutes book 1, ch. 9: "The same man, driven by fury and madness, killed his wife with his children." Baluze.

[14] ‹anchor: Haustam manibus terram› · no call (lemma note) Haustam manibus terram. Id est, effossam. Caesar, libr. v de B. Gall. c. 42: Manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire cogebantur. Statius, lib. iii Theb. v. 50: Haustaque ... arena, id est, accepta. Vid. Schol. et Barth., p. 685. Bun.

"Earth scooped up with his hands": that is, dug out. Caesar, Gallic War book 5, ch. 42: "they were forced to scoop out the earth with their hands and cloaks". Statius, Thebaid book 3, line 50: "and sand scooped up", that is, taken up. See the scholiast and Barth, p. 685. Bünemann.

[15] ‹anchor: Caput parietibus infligeret› · no call (lemma note) · (continues to right column) Caput parietibus infligeret. Hoc est unum ex detestabilibus, ut in tertia Tusculana Cicero vocat, generibus lugendi. Vide Casauboni notas in Julium Capitolinum.

"He dashed his head against the walls": this is one of the detestable kinds of mourning, as Cicero calls them in the third Tusculan. See Casaubon's notes on Julius Capitolinus.

[16] ‹anchor: Exilierunt oculi› · no call (lemma note) Exilierunt oculi. Idem scribit Eusebius, lib. ix Hist. Eccles., cap. 10, et lib. i de Vita Constantini, cap. 59; item Eutychius, Theophanes et Anastasius. Meminit etiam D. Chrysostomus, Oratione in S. Babylam, et S. Hieronymus in Zachariam, ut videbimus not. i ad cap. 50. Baluz.

"His eyes burst out": Eusebius writes the same, Ecclesiastical History book 9, ch. 10, and Life of Constantine book 1, ch. 59; so too Eutychius, Theophanes and Anastasius. St Chrysostom also mentions it in his Oration on St Babylas, and St Jerome on Zechariah, as we shall see in note 1 to ch. 50. Baluze.

[17] ‹anchor: Candidatis ministris› · no call (lemma note) Candidatis ministris. Id est, Deum circumdatum candidatis ministris, sive, angelis suis. Vide Paulum Bauldri ad hunc locum.

"With ministers clothed in white": that is, God surrounded by ministers clothed in white, or by his angels. See Paul Bauldri on this place.

[18] ‹anchor: Fatebatur› · no call (lemma note) Fatebatur. Adde, se fecisse.

"He confessed": add "that he had done it".

[19] ‹anchor: Plorans› · no call (lemma note) Plorans. Heuman. Implorans.

"Weeping": Heumann, implorans ("imploring").

[20] ‹anchor: Nocentem spiritum detestabili genere mortis efflavit› · no call (lemma note) Nocentem spiritum detestabili genere mortis efflavit. Maximinus periit eo anno quo pax data est Ecclesiae, quo etiam Lactantius finem imposuit huic operi, atque persecutio coepit anno 303, exeunte Februario. Luce igitur clarius est Maximinum extinctum fuisse anno 313, qui decimus annus erat a coepta persecutione. Baluz.

"He breathed out his guilty spirit by a detestable kind of death": Maximin died in the year in which peace was given to the Church, in which Lactantius also brought this work to an end; and the persecution began in the year 303, at the end of February. It is therefore clearer than daylight that Maximin perished in the year 313, which was the tenth year from the start of the persecution. Baluze.

[21] ‹anchor: Persecutores.... debellavit› · no call (lemma note) Persecutores.... debellavit. Lactantius, lib. vii Institut., cap. 26: Illi enim, qui ut impias Religiones defenderent, coelestis ac singularis Dei cultum tollere voluerunt, profligati jacent. Eadem observant Eusebius in libro i de Vita Constantini, cap. 3, Auctor Fragmenti de Constantio Chloro, p. 475, et Hieronymus in caput xiv Zachariae. Adeatur, si lubet, Baluzius.

"The persecutors … he utterly vanquished": Lactantius, Institutes book 7, ch. 26: "For those who, to defend impious religions, sought to abolish the worship of the heavenly and only God, lie overthrown." The same is noted by Eusebius, Life of Constantine book 1, ch. 3, by the author of the Fragment on Constantius Chlorus, p. 475, and by Jerome on Zechariah ch. 14. Consult Baluze, if you like.

[22] ‹anchor: Stirps› · no call (lemma note) Stirps. Ms., stirpis.

"Stock": manuscript, stirpis.

[23] ‹anchor: Radix› · no call (lemma note) Radix. In ms. radis.

"Root": in the manuscript, radis.

[24] ‹anchor: Valerium, quem› · no call (lemma note) Valerium, quem. Ita ms. Valerium scilicet Valentem, de quo anno 306 num. 15, sic loquitur Pagius. Eodem tempore quo Alexander, qui Praefecti Praetorii Africae munere fungebatur, apud Carthaginem imperator fit, Valens imperator creatur, inquit Victor in Epitome, qui postquam Maximini mortem narravit, subjungit: Valens a Licinio morte mulctatur. De hoc Valente loquitur Lactantius, libro de Mortibus Persecutorum, cap. 50, ut primus omnium observavit eruditiss. Abbas Ludovic. Du Four de Longuerue, in litteris ad Pagium scriptis; ibi Lactantius de Maximini morte ait: Licinius summa rerum potitus, in primis Valerium, quem Maximinus iratus nec post fugam quidem, cum sibi videret esse pereundum, fuerat ausus occidere, necari jussit. Nec dubitari potest quin Valerius ille idem sit cum Valente a Victore memorato, cum Goltzius inter nummos triginta Tyrannorum, qui imperante Gallieno Rempublicam Romanam afflixere, hunc referat: AYT. K. ΠΟΥ. ΟΥΑΛΕΡ. ΟΥΑΛΕΝϹ. CEB. L. A. id est, Imperator Caesar Publius Valerius Valens Augustus Anno primo. Pagius. — Attamen cum doct. Cupero aliisque criticis Baluzius secundis curis legit Valeriam quam. — Huic assentit Bunemannus.

"Valerius, whom": so the manuscript. That is, Valerius Valens, of whom Pagi speaks thus under the year 306, no. 15: "At the same time as Alexander, who held the office of Praetorian Prefect of Africa, was made emperor at Carthage, Valens was created emperor," says Victor in the Epitome, who, after narrating Maximin's death, adds: "Valens was punished with death by Licinius." Lactantius speaks of this Valens in the book On the Deaths of the Persecutors, ch. 50, as the most learned Abbé Louis Du Four de Longuerue first of all observed, in letters written to Pagi; there Lactantius says of Maximin's death: "Licinius, having gained supreme power, first of all ordered Valerius to be killed, whom Maximin in his anger had not dared to kill even after his flight, when he saw he must perish." Nor can it be doubted that this Valerius is the same as the Valens mentioned by Victor, since Goltzius, among the coins of the Thirty Tyrants who afflicted the Roman state under Gallienus, records this one: AYT. K. ΠΟΥ. ΟΥΑΛΕΡ. ΟΥΑΛΕΝϹ. CEB. L. A., that is, Emperor Caesar Publius Valerius Valens Augustus, Year One. Pagi. — Yet with the learned Cuper and other critics, Baluze in his second edition reads Valeriam quam ("Valeria, whom"). — Bünemann agrees with this.

[25] ‹anchor: Iratus› · no call (lemma note) Iratus. Scilicet ob negatum sibi matrimonium, legendo supra Valeriam.

"In anger": that is, because marriage had been refused him, if one reads Valeriam above.

(printed under page 135)

Note: the VARIORUM NOTAE carry no call marks; each note is keyed by its lemma. They are set in print order, left column then right, and numbered [1], [2] … for reference only. No column is given for a call. [1] ‹anchor: Item Candidianum› · no call (lemma note) Item Candidianum. Ms., idem Candidianum.

"Likewise Candidianus": manuscript, idem Candidianum.

[2] ‹anchor: Mulier tamen, ut eum vixisse cognovit› · no call (lemma note) Mulier tamen, ut eum vixisse cognovit. Ita ms. Vide Columbum et Paulum Bauldri. Mulier, id est, Valeria.

"Yet the woman, when she learned that he had lived": so the manuscript. See Columbus and Paul Bauldri. "The woman", that is, Valeria.

[3] ‹anchor: Qui quia› · no call (lemma note) Qui quia. In ms. deest qui.

"Who because": in the manuscript qui is missing.

[4] ‹anchor: Exitu› · no call (lemma note) Exitu. Id est, morte.

"By the end": that is, by death.

[5] ‹anchor: Praeter Valeriam› · no call (lemma note) Praeter Valeriam. Ms., prae Valeria.

"Except Valeria": manuscript, prae Valeria.

[6] ‹anchor: Volens› · no call (lemma note) Volens. Doctiss. Cuperus legendum esse censet nolens. Ms., volenti. — Cupero assentit Buneman. et lectionem sequentem exhibet. Quae nolens Licinio. Ms. quae volenti Licinio. Non male, ut censet Nurrius, p. 272, hunc sensum eliciens: Licinium voluisse in omnes invadere Galerii haereditates, atque idcirco Valeriam confestim ab eo fugisse, ut ad Maximinum, qui uxorem habebat, sese tutius reciperet. Buneman.

"Willing": the most learned Cuper thinks one should read nolens ("unwilling"). Manuscript, volenti. — Bünemann agrees with Cuper and gives the following reading: Quae nolens Licinio. The manuscript has quae volenti Licinio. Not badly, as Nourry thinks, p. 272, drawing out this sense: Licinius wished to seize all of Galerius's inheritance, and therefore Valeria at once fled from him, so as to take refuge more safely with Maximin, who had a wife. Bünemann.

[7] ‹anchor: In omnes› · no call (lemma note) In omnes. Ms., in omnia.

"Into all": manuscript, in omnia.

[8] ‹anchor: Maximini filium, tum Maximum› · no call (lemma note) Maximini filium, tum Maximum. Pro tum est suum in ms. Maximum. Adde natu.

"Maximin's son, then the eldest": for tum the manuscript has suum. Maximum: add natu ("eldest by birth").

[9] ‹anchor: Mater eorum› · no call (lemma note) Mater eorum. Uxor Maximini, cujus nomen ignotum est.

"Their mother": Maximin's wife, whose name is unknown.

[10] ‹anchor: In Orientem praecipitata est› · no call (lemma note) In Orientem praecipitata est. Ita ms. Plerique conjecerunt rescribendum esse in Orontem, quia constat fluvium in hoc loco designari: quod pluribus argumentis erudite profecto ostendit clarissimus Cuperus. Quia tamen et ipse tradit nonnullos veteres Orientem vocasse eum fluvium, quem reliqui vulgo dicunt Orontem, nolui textum immutare.

"Was thrown headlong into the Orient": so the manuscript. Most have conjectured that one should write in Orontem, since it is plain that a river is meant here, which the most distinguished Cuper has shown, very learnedly, by many arguments. Yet since he himself reports that some ancient writers called "Orient" the river that others commonly call Orontes, I have not wished to change the text.

[11] ‹anchor: Est› · no call (lemma note) Est. Deest in ms.

"Is": missing in the manuscript.

[12] ‹anchor: Ibi saepe illa› · no call (lemma note) Ibi saepe illa. Ita ms., non, ille.

"There she often": so the manuscript, not ille.

[13] ‹anchor: Plebeio cultu› · no call (lemma note) Plebeio cultu. Id est, plebeio habitu.

"In common dress": that is, in the attire of a commoner.

[14] ‹anchor: Cum matre› · no call (lemma note) Cum matre. Prisca scilicet, uxore Diocletiani.

"With her mother": that is, Prisca, Diocletian's wife.

[15] ‹anchor: Illis› · no call (lemma note) Illis. In ms. Illic.

"To them": in the manuscript, Illic.

[16] ‹anchor: Ita illis pudicitia et conditio exitio fuit› · no call (lemma note) · (continues to right column) Ita illis pudicitia et conditio exitio fuit. Ms., conditioni, mendose. Exitio fuit, quia et Licinio et Maximino Valeria nubere recusavit. Tollius. — Pars igitur pudicitiae eo quoque saeculo habebatur, verbi gratia, in mulieribus, unius tantum viri fuisse uxores. Suo enim aevo Tertullianum cum Montanistis monogamiam in utroque sexu requisivisse omnibus notum est ex ejus libro de Monogamia. Observandum interim, conditionem quam hic noster memorat, aequaliter quidem matri et filiae, seu, quod idem est, Priscae et Valeriae convenire: verum addita pudicitiae mentio specialiter pertinet ad Valeriam. Bauldri. — Miror Lactantium non dixisse fuisse Valeriae exitio sacrificia, quibus cogente Diocletiano patre suo polluta fuerat, Christiana cum esset, cap. 15. Toinard.

"So their chastity and their station were their ruin": manuscript, conditioni, wrongly. "Were their ruin", because Valeria refused to marry both Licinius and Maximin. Tollius. — So in that age too it was counted part of chastity, for example in women, to have been the wife of one husband only. For it is known to all from his book On Monogamy that in his time Tertullian, with the Montanists, required monogamy of both sexes. Note meanwhile that the station our author mentions here fits mother and daughter equally, that is, Prisca and Valeria; but the added mention of chastity applies particularly to Valeria. Bauldri. — I am surprised that Lactantius did not say that the sacrifices were Valeria's ruin, by which she had been defiled under compulsion from her father Diocletian, though she was a Christian, ch. 15. Toinard.

[17] ‹anchor: Fidem, scienti enim loquor, ita› · no call (lemma note) Fidem, scienti enim loquor, ita, etc. Ms. habet secundum finem scienti enim loquor ita, etc. Editi vero habent secundum fidem scientium loquor, ita, etc., sed male. Nil mutandum puto, nisi finem, cujus loco scribimus fidem. Scienti enim loquor, duas inter parentheses. Hic autem Donatum alloquitur auctor noster sub finem libri, sicut initio fecit; et ita recte procedit oratio. Donatus enim pars ipse persecutionis fuerat, cum in eum per plures annos saevierint persecutores. Miror ergo hanc lectionem tam facilem, tam promptam, non fuisse subodoratam a prioribus hujusce libri editoribus.

"Faith, for I speak to one who knows, so," etc. The manuscript has secundum finem scienti enim loquor ita, etc. The printed editions have secundum fidem scientium loquor, ita, etc., but wrongly. I think nothing should be changed except finem, in whose place we write fidem; and "for I speak to one who knows" between parentheses. Here our author addresses Donatus near the end of the book, as he did at the beginning, and so the sentence runs rightly. For Donatus had himself been part of the persecution, since the persecutors raged against him for several years. I am surprised, then, that so easy and ready a reading was not sniffed out by the earlier editors of this book.

[18] ‹anchor: Interiret› · no call (lemma note) Interiret. In ms., interire.

"Should perish": in the manuscript, interire.

[19] ‹anchor: Corrumperet veritatem› · no call (lemma note) Corrumperet veritatem. In ms., praemittitur non; sed male.

"Should corrupt the truth": in the manuscript non is put before it, but wrongly.

[20] ‹anchor: Peccata› · no call (lemma note) Peccata. In ms., specta.

"Sins": in the manuscript, specta.

[21] ‹anchor: Adversus› · no call (lemma note) Adversus. In ms., adversos.

"Against": in the manuscript, adversos.

[22] ‹anchor: Aeternae› · no call (lemma note) Aeternae. Heuman. legit paternae.

"Eternal": Heumann reads paternae ("fatherly").

[23] ‹anchor: Pietati› · no call (lemma note) Pietati, In ms., pietatis. Pietati vero, id est, benignitati, clementiae.

"To the goodness": in the manuscript, pietatis. Pietati, that is, to the kindness, the clemency.

[24] ‹anchor: Bestias malas› · no call (lemma note) Bestias malas. Tyrannos, christianorum persecutores, de quibus supra in not. ad hujus libri caput 2: Et bestias malas. Et deest in ms.

"Evil beasts": the tyrants, persecutors of the Christians, about whom see above in the note to ch. 2 of this book. "And evil beasts": et is missing in the manuscript.

[25] ‹anchor: Magnifica› · no call (lemma note) Magnifica. Ms., magnificentia, vitiose.

"Splendid": manuscript, magnificentia, faultily.

[26] ‹anchor: Viluerunt› · no call (lemma note) Viluerunt. A vilesco. In ms. viguerunt: sed minus bene.

"Have grown worthless": from vilesco. In the manuscript, viguerunt ("flourished"), but less well.

[27] ‹anchor: Ea› · no call (lemma note) Ea. In ms., eam.

"Them": in the manuscript, eam.

[28] ‹anchor: Celebremus› · no call (lemma note) Celebremus. Bis in ms. repetitur verbum istud: ideo bis illud scribimus; et eo loci non parum ad elegantiam confert.

"Let us celebrate": the word is repeated twice in the manuscript, so we write it twice; and in that place it adds not a little to the elegance.

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(a) ‹anchor: FRAGMENTA› · call in col 276 (on the heading FRAGMENTA, which spans both columns; the note runs from the left column into the right)

Fragmentum de extremo judicio (Nullus vel negat vel dubitat.... esse ventura), quod Steph. Baluzius in c. Colbert. 1095, libro vii Institutionum subjunctum inveneral et Lactantio tribuerat, Augustini est, de Civit. Dei xx, c. 30. Legitur etiam in quibusdam aliis codd. ut Kell. Augustini nomine adjecto idque vir quidam pius subjecit, ut lector ab erroribus Lactantii de regno millenario caveret. Adduco praeterea de epistolis Lactantii deperditis haec Damasi et Hieronymi testimonia: « Fateor tibi, eos quos mihi jampridem Lactantii dederas libros, ideo non libenter lego, quia et plurimae epistolae ejus usque ad mille spatia versuum tenduntur, et raro de nostro dogmate disputant: quo fit, ut et legenti fastidium generet longitudo, et si qua brevia sunt, scholasticis magis sunt apta, quam nobis, de metris et regionum situ et philosophis disputantia (al. disputantibus). » (Damas. ep. ad Hieron xxxv. Opp. Hier. ed. Vallars. i, 1, p. 159). « Multi per imperitiam scripturarum, quod et Firmianus in octavo (Vallars. rescribit altero) ad Demetrianum epistolarum libro facit, asserunt sp. s. saepe patrem, saepe filium nominari; et cum perspicue in trinitate credamus, tertiam personam auferentes, non substantiam ejus volunt esse, sed nomen. » (Hieron. in ep. ad Gal. IV, 6., add. ei. ad Pammach. et Ocean. ep. lxxxiv. ed. Vallars. i, 1, p. 528, de v. ill. c. 80: habemus... ad Demetrianum auditorem suum epistolarum libros duos.) O. F. Fritzsche.

The fragment on the Last Judgement ("No one either denies or doubts … that they will come"), which Étienne Baluze had found appended to book 7 of the Institutes in Colbert codex 1095 and had attributed to Lactantius, is Augustine's, City of God 20, ch. 30. It is also read in certain other manuscripts, such as Kell., with Augustine's name added; and some pious man appended it so that the reader might be on guard against Lactantius's errors about the millennial kingdom. I add, besides, these testimonies of Damasus and Jerome about Lactantius's lost letters: "I confess to you that I do not gladly read those books of Lactantius you gave me long ago, because very many of his letters stretch to a thousand lines, and they rarely discuss our doctrine; so that their length breeds weariness in the reader, and if some are short, they are better suited to schoolmen than to us, discussing metres and the situation of regions and philosophers (other reading: disputantibus)." (Damasus, letter 35 to Jerome; Jerome's Works, Vallarsi's edition, vol. 1, part 1, p. 159.) "Many, through ignorance of the Scriptures, as Firmianus also does in the eighth book of his letters to Demetrianus (Vallarsi reads 'second'), assert that the Holy Spirit is often called the Father, often the Son; and though we believe plainly in the Trinity, taking away the third person, they would have him be not a substance but a name." (Jerome on Gal. 4:6; add the same author's letter 84 to Pammachius and Oceanus, Vallarsi's edition, vol. 1, part 1, p. 528; On Illustrious Men ch. 80: "we have … two books of letters to Demetrianus, his pupil.") O. F. Fritzsche.

(printed under page 137)